ELEMENTARY EDUCATION PRAXIS 5002 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

Phonemic Awareness vs. Phonological Awareness Phonemic Awareness is the acknowledgment of sounds and words. Ex. a child realizing that some words rhyme, or knowing that the sound of the letter b in the word bad can then be changed to with the sound d to make the word dad. The key is that phonemic awareness can be taught with the students' eyes closed- it's about sounds not ascribing written letters to sounds. Phonological Awareness is the ability of the reader to recognize the sounds of spoken language. This includes how these sounds can be blended, segmented (broken up), and manipulated (switched around). It helps students sound out words. Children acquires phonological awareness when they are taught the sounds made by the letters and the sounds made by combinations of letters, and the ability to recognize individual sounds in words. Phonological awareness skills include: rhyming and syllabification, blending sounds, identifying the beginning and ending sounds of words, segmenting words into sounds, recognizing small words inside bigger words by removing starting sounds (hear to ear) Phonemes Individual sounds in words Phonics The connection between the sounds and letters on a page. So a child must see the word bad and sound out each letter until they recognize that they just said the word. Fluency in supporting comprehension Fluency in reading depends on automatic word identification, which helps the student achieve active comprehension of the material. Automaticity Automatic reading involves the development of strong orthographic representations, which allows fast and accurate identification of whole words made up of specific letter patterns Prosody Concerns versification of text and involves such matters as which syllable of a word is accented In order for students to be effective readers they must recognize these four types of words automatically 1) Regular for reading and spelling 2) Regular for reading but not for spelling (float, brain- could be spelled flote or brane) 3) Rule based (canning- doubling rule; faking- drop e rule) 4) Irregular (beauty) Orthographic awareness The ability to perceive and recall letter strings and word forms as well as the retrieval of letters and words. Sight word vocabulary for both reading and spelling depends on this skill. A weakness in this results in slow reading rates and problems with spelling, which in turn affects reading comprehension and writing fluency. Syntactic cueing Evaluating a word for its part of speech and its place in the sentence. For example, the reader determines whether the word is a noun, verb, adjective, or other part of speech. Ex. if it's an adjective, the reader determines which word it modifies. Syntactic cueing directly affects readings comprehension Semantic cueing Determining the meaning of a word, phrase, or sentence and determining what the passage is about. Successful program for reading comprehension 1) Large amounts of time for actual text reading 2) Teacher-directed instruction in comprehension strategies 3) Opportunities for peer and collaborative learning 4) Occasions for students to talk to a teacher and one another about their responses to reading Word analysis The process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on written patterns Word recognition The process of automatically determining the pronunciation and some degree of the meaning of an unknown word Decoding Changing communication signals into messages Encoding Changing a message into symbols What is important to understanding nonfiction? Realizing what is truth and what is perspective Informational Texts These types of books explain concepts or phenomena. May explain the history of a state or the idea of photosynthesis. Usually based on research. Newspaper articles These short texts rely on completely factual information and are presented in a very straightforward, sometimes choppy manner. Purpose is to present information to readers in a quick and efficient manner. Essays Usually, essays take an opinion and describe how the opinion was arrived at or why the opinion is a good one Biographies These texts describe the lives of individuals. Usually based on extensive research Memoirs Like an autobiography, but tend to be based on a specific idea, concept, issue, or event in life. Letters When letters are read and analyzed in classrooms, students generally study the writer's style or the writer's true opinion Journals Like letters, journals present personal ideas. They gives students the opportunity to see peoples' thought processes about various events or issues. Traditional literature Opens up a world where right wins out over wrong, hard work and perseverance is rewarded, and helpless victims find vindication. Children are introduced to fanciful beings, humans with exaggerated powers, talking animals, and heroes that will inspire them . Folktales/Fairy Tales Adventures of animals or humans and the supernatural typically characterize these stories. Focuses on good and evil, reward and punishment. Picture books Tell their story with the illustration as well as with text. The text is often limited, but can be essential. Often a child's first introduction to books and print. Fables Animals that act like humans are featured in these stories, the animals usually reveal human foibles or teach a lesson Myths Stories about events from the earliest times, such as the origin of the world, are often considered true in various societies. Legends Similar to myths, except that they are usually about events that occurred more recently, ex. American myths Tall tales Purposely exaggerated accounts of individuals with superhuman strength. Ex. Paul Bunyan, John Henry, Pecos Bill Modern fantasy Many themes in these stories are similar to those in traditional literature. Start out based in reality, which make it easier for the reader to suspend disbelief, and enter into worlds of unreality. Helps elementary aged students develop their imagination- typically appeals to the ideals of justice and issues related to good and evil. Science fiction Robots, spacecraft, mystery, and civilizations from other ages often appear in these stories. Most presume advances in science on other planets or in a future time. Students like these because of the space aspect and the "what if" idea. Modern realistic fiction These stories are about real problems that real children face. By finding that their fears and hopes are shared by others, young children can find insight into their own problems. Historical fiction Provides the opportunity to introduce younger children to history in a beneficial way. Biography About inventors, explorers, scientists, political, and religious leaders, social reformers, artists, sports figures, doctors, teachers, writers, and war heroes help children see that one person can make a difference. Also allows children to see future occupation options. Informational books Ways for children to learn more about something they are interested in or something that they know little about. Pre- and Adolescent Literature Focus on establishing relationships with members of the opposite sex and learning to cope with changing bodies, personalities, or life situations. Poetry Major purpose of poetry is for a poet to create his or her works in the sharing of an experience, a feeling, or an emotion. Slant rhyme Occurs when a rhyme is not exact, often the final consonant sounds are the same but the vowels are different. Occurs frequently in Irish, Welsh, and Icelandic verse. Exs. green and gone, that and hit, ill and shell