PRAXIS II ELEMENTARY EDUCATION 5001 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2023

Assonance Repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds Meter A recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that creates a rhythm when spoken Iambic meter An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable Blank verse unrhymed verse that consists of lines of iambic pentameter Free verse Lacks regular patterns of poetic feet, but has more controlled rhythm than prose in terms of pace and pauses. Phonological awareness A sub-skill of literacy; the ability to perceive sound structures in spoken word, such as syllables and the individual phonemes within syllables. Phonemes The sounds represented by the letters in the alphabet Teaching phonological awareness Language play; an exposure to a variety of sounds and contexts of sounds Alphabetic principle The use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds Developing language skills - Interacting with others - Experiencing language in daily life - Understanding that speaking and listening are necessary for effective communication. Know, Wonder, Learn What KWL stands for Decoding Method used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them. Student must know the relationships between letters and sounds, including: - letter patterns - words are constructed from phonemes - printed word represents a word that can be spoken. Phonics Process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters Whole language approach Method of teaching children to read by recognizing words as whole pieces of language; believes that language should not be broken down into letters and combinations of letters and "decoded." Fluency The goal of literacy development; the ability to read and write accurately and quickly Affixes Syllables attached to the beginning or end of a word to make a derivative or inflectional form of a word. Noun suffixes Type of suffix. Two types: - Denotes the act of, state of, or quality of. (argument) - Denotes the doer, or one who does (auctioneer) Verb suffixes Type of suffix. Denote "to make" or "two perform the act of" (soften) Adjectival suffixes Type of suffix. Include suffixes such as "ful" which means "full of." Ish, less, able. Literal comprehension The skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text. Involves skills such as identifying the topic sentence, main idea, important facts, and supporting details; using context clues to determine the meaning of a word; and sequencing events. Critical comprehension Involves the prior knowledge and an understanding that written material, especially in nonfiction, is the author's version and not necessarily anyone else's. Involves analysis of meaning, evaluation, validation, questioning, and the reasoning skills a reader uses to recognize inferences and conclusions, purpose, tone, POV, themes, etc. Metacognitive Skills Awareness , Planning, Self-monitoring and reflection Taking an active role in reading Recognizing reading behaviors Relating info to prior knowledge Being aware of text structures Synecdoche Use of a part of something to signify the whole: "Boots on the ground" Metonymy Use of one term that is closely associated with another to mean the other: "The crown." Critical thinking tools while reading Summarization Question generation Textual marking Learning approach A language development theory; Assumes that language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults, then solidified in school through drills about the rules of language structures Linguistic approach A language development theory; Proposes that the ability to use a language is innate; biological approach, not baed on cognition or social patterning Cognitive approach A language development theory; Children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language Sociocognitive approach A language development theory; Language development is a complex interaction of linguistic, social, and cognitive influences Ad hominem "Against the person;" Attacks the character or behavior of a person taking a stand on the issue instead of the issue itself Hasty generalizations Condemnations of a group based on the behavior of one person or part Faulty causation Assigning the wrong cause to an event Bandwagon effect If everyone else if doing it, it must be a good thing to do. Inductive reasoning Using PARTICULAR FACTS to draw a GENERAL conclusion If every apple taken out of the top of a barrel is rotten, the rest of the barrel is probably rotten too. Deductive reasoning Using GENERAL FACTS or premises to come to a SPECIFIC conclusion. If Susan is a sophomore and all sophomores take geometry, Susan takes geometry. Gerund Verb form used as a noun Illustrative essay Explains a general statement through the use of specific examples Descriptive essay Appeals to the give senses to describe a person, place, or thing so that the readers can see the subject in their imaginations. Process essays "How-to": Gives step-by-step directions. "Explanation": Tells how an event occurred or how something works. Classification essay Type of essay that sorts information Imperative sentence Gives direction or command and may be punctuated by an exclamation point. Bathos An attempt to evoke pity, sorrow, or nobility that goes overboard and becomes ridiculous Malapropism Confusing one word witha nother The five reasons for writing 1. To tell a story 2. To express oneself 3. To convey information 4. To make an argument 5. To explore ideas Coordinating conjunction A conjunction that can join two independent clauses by placing a comma and a coordinating conjunction between them. Subordinating conjunction A conjunction that joins a subordinate clause with an independent clause and establishes a relationship between them. Top-down processing Listener refers to background and global knowledge to figure out the meaning of a message Bottom-up processing Listener figures out the meaning of a message by using "data" obtained from what is said. Base maps Maps created from aerial and field surveys; serve as the starting point for topographic and thematic maps Topographic maps Maps that show the natural and human-made surface features of the earth, including mountain elevations, river courses, roads, names of lakes and towns, and country/state lines Thematic maps Maps that use a base or topographic maps as the foundation for showing data based on a theme, such as population density, wildlife distribution, etc. 15 degrees Each hour of time in the time zones is equivalent to this many degrees of longitude. Prime Meridian Greenwich, England is the location of this International Date Line The halfway point, at the 180th meridian. The place where each day begins and ends on Earth Cartography The art and science of mapmaking Absolute location The exact point spot where coordinates meet Tropic of Cancer The latitude that is 23.5 degrees north of the equator Tropic of Capricorn The latitude that is 23.5 degrees south of the equator The Tropics The region between the tropic of Cancer and Capricorn Subtropics The areas located between 23.5 and 40 degrees north/south of the equator Arctic Circle The latitude 66.5 degrees north of the equator Antarctic Circle The latitude 66.5 degrees south of the equator Forests, Grasslands, Deserts, Tundra The four main biomes Tropical, dry, temperate, continental, polar The five man climate zones Climate The long term average weather conditions of a place Orogeny The process in which tectonic plates push up the crust to form mountains Carrying capacity The maximum, sustained level of use an environment can incur without sustaining significant environmental deterioration that would eventually lead to environmental destruction. Space, Environment, Chronology Three different points of view that can be used to study history Location, Place, Human-environmental interaction, Movement, Regions The five themes of geography Geomorphology The study of landforms; a science that considers the relationships between geological structures and surface landscape features Processes that change features: erosion, deposition, plate tectonics. Landforms Landscape features; the highest order ones are continents and oceans Foothills Low series of hills found between a plain and a mountain range Plateaus Elevated landforms that are fairly flat on top Mesas Flat areas of upland Deltas Accumulations of silt deposited at the river mouths into the seabed; eventually converted into very fertile, stable ground Basins - Low areas that catch water from rivers - Large hollows that dip to a central point and are surrounded by higher ground - Areas of inland drainage in a desert where water can't reach the sea Marshes Wet lowlands with no trees and are always wet because of frequent floods and poor drainage that leaves shallow water; grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and herbs. Swamps Wet lowlands with trees and dry periods; the water is very slow-moving and is usually associated with adjacent rivers or lakes. Taiga World's largest forest region; location of huge mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.