Marine Biology Chapter 1 and 2 with Complete Solutions

Marine Biology Chapter 1 and 2 with Complete Solutions Hypothesis An idea or statement that might be true, that you test through a study Variable any factor that can exist in differing amounts or types Control a group used for a standard of comparison for checking the results of a experiment What is the scientific method? procedures used to learn about our world an experiment is best described as.. an artificially created situation to test an hypothesis Edward Forbes the first scientist credited with documenting that creatures on the sea floor varies with depth Charles Darwin The first scientist credited with the theory of natural selection Scientific theory is supported by overwhelming evidence, and represents a explanation of how the world works. Scientific Fact an observation, in contrast with a hypothesis or theory, which is intended to explain or interpret facts. Active continental Margin a continental margin that is colliding with another plate and as a result is geologically active. Ex: South Africa where the west is colliding with the Nazca Plate, leading towards the creation of a trench, such intense geological activity results in earthquakes and volcanoes Passive continental Margin shows little geological activity Ex: Passive margins typically have flat coastal plains, wide shelves and relatively gradual continental slopes. (Florida) lithogenous sediment is derived from the physical and chemical breakdown of rock, mostly on the continents. biogenous sediment is a biological breakdown of stuff such as skeletons, and shells of marine organisms Plate boundary: Convergent plates are pushing together Ex: Mariana trench Plate boundary: Transform plates move past each other St. Andreas fault Plate boundary: Divergent plates move away from each other Ex: Lake victoria Continental drift Sir Francis Bacon (1620) Evidence supporting continental drift include: He noted the coasts of the continents on the opposite sides of the Atlantic fit together like pieces of a puzzle. Also he suggested that Europe and Africa might have once been joined.(pangea) Coal deposits, other geological formations, and fossils were also similar on opposite coasts Plate tectonics Alfred Wegener (1912) two major pieces of evidence for plate tectonics include; Mid-Oceanic Ridges, and Geomagnetic Anomalies How much of the Earth's surface is covered by the world ocean 71% there is evidence that the Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago Black smokers form as a result of the accumulation of minerals what are the world's major ocean basins 1. Atlantic ocean 2. Arctic ocean 3. Indian ocean The vast single ocean present about 200 million years ago is called Panthalassa The process by which a lithospheric plate (the crust) descends into the mantle is called: subduction Ferdinan Magellan explorer of the sea routes chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter El nino A strong jet stream and storm track across the southern part of the US. • A reduction in storms and milder than-average conditions across the North La Niña A very wave-like jet stream flow over the US and Canada • Colder and stormier than average conditions across the North • Warmer and less stormy conditions across the South Eukaryotes Possess DNA enclosed inside a nucleus Diatoms -one type of zooplankton -every time they reproduce they become a little smaller so they use auxospore to restore the back to normal size -Have a lot of pores Dinoflagellates plankton use photosynthesis Endotherms an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat; a warm-blooded animal. ectotherms an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat. ex: alligators use sun as heat homeotherm an organism that maintains its body temperature at a constant level, usually above that of the environment, by its metabolic activity. prokaryotic any of the typically unicellular microorganisms that lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and that are classified as a kingdom (Prokaryotae syn. Monera) or into two domains (Bacteria and Archaea) — compare archaea, bacterium, eukaryote. phytoplankton plankton consisting of microscopic plants. salps a free-swimming marine invertebrate related to the sea squirts with a transparent, barrel-shaped body. help take carbon out of the oceans waters ocean conveyor belt a constantly moving system of deep-ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity. The great ocean conveyor moves water around the globe gyre a circular pattern of currents in the ocean basin