Biology Final Exam Review (2023/2024) Graded A

Biology Final Exam Review (2023/2024) Graded A abiotic non-living autotroph An organism that makes its own food. asexual reproduction a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent biotic living biosphere Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. cell specialization Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks. cell differentation Process by which cells become different types of cells carbon cycle Cyclic movement of carbon in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment. cell differentiation the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function chemical bond the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together where the energy in a compound is stored chromosome pair identical copies of a single chromosome copy of mom chromosome 1 next to mom chromosome 1 consumer an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms deletion the loss of a part of DNA from a chromosome detritivore An organism (like the earthworm) that feeds on decaying matter after it has been broken down by decomposers. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism that is passed from parent to offspring AND is used by an individual as the recipe for making proteins DNA sequence The sequence, or order, in which the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are arranged in a gene or a DNA fragment, or in an organism's genome. double helix two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA ecosystem stability the total number of species is fairly consistant from year to year---the same species were present each year--- the population size of each species was approximately the same from year to year endangered species A species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction exponential growth growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate food web a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains gene sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait genetic diversity the amount of variation in the genetic material within all members of a popualtion genetic variation The variety of different types of genes in a species or population. genotype an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations greenhouse effect natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases heterozygous having two different alleles for a trait heterotroph An organism that cannot make its own food and thus eats other organisms homeostasis Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. insertion A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. inversion (genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed logistic growth growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth messenger RNA Type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; process of making it is called transcription phenotype physical characteristics of an organism polygenic trait trait that is controlled by two or more gene combinations point substitution when one nucleotide is substituted for another product element or compound produced by a chemical reaction protein a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body, ie does everything protein synthesis forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA; two parts - transcription & translation Punnett Square a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross genetic recombination The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents. ribosome An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins sex chromosome one of two chromosomes of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes, which determine an individual's gender (X or Y) somatic cells Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells stem cell unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions transcription (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA allele the different forms of a gene; Example: A or a biological molecule chemical compounds that provide physical structure and bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions in a living organism cancer disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth carbon dioxide gas that is a byproduct of respiration. Plants need it to perform photosynthesis. Involved in carbon cycle & burning of fossil fuels chromosome in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA codominant trait two alleles are dominant at the same time (blood type is an example ---AB are codominant) crossing over exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis DNA subunit a nucleotide; It consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine) ecological succession The gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established energy flow The passage of energy through the components of an ecosystem frame shift mutation a mutation involving the addition or loss of nucleotides; every codon beyond the gene is effected gene expression process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function genetic mutation a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule genetic variation The variety of different types of genes in a species or population. homologous chromosome one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent, that carries genes for a specific trait at the same location independent assortment principle that genes do not influence each other's inheritance because they are separated independently during meiosis interphase cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases karyotype A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. meiosis a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells mitosis the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new identical nuclei and one copy of the dna is distributed into each daughter cell; asexual reproduction nitrogen cycle the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere photosynthesis process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars (glucose) population a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area progeny offspring reactant a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction sex cell An egg or sperm cell (gamete); a sex cell carries half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells. sex linked trait Characteristic such as red-green color blindness, controlled by genes on the X chromosome also called an X linked trait. translation (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm; involves tRNA trophic level feeding level in an ecosystem; each step in the food chain or web amino acid building blocks of proteins (combo of 20 different ones) biomass the total mass of living matter in a given unit area carrying capacity largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support cellular respiration process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen complementary sequence For a given sequence of nucleic acids, the nucleic acids that are related to them by the rules of base pairing (A goes w/ T & C goes with G) cytokinesis The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells. diploid (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number (2N) DNA replication process of copying DNA molecules dominant trait the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited ecology scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment eukaryote A more complex cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles gamete egg or sperm (haploid) global warming an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes); some believe its caused by humans whereas others say its a natural occurence haploid a cell with only one complete set of chromosomes human genetics The study of how some traits appear and others disappear in the process of heredity inherited trait A characteristic that is passed from parent to offspring. invasive species species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats mendelian genetics The branch of genetics concerned with patterns and process of inheritance. Dominant and recessive genes in one generation determine their proportions in the next generation organic matter any substance that is made of living things or the remains of living things producer an organism that makes its own food recessive trait a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited sexual reproduction process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism transfer RNA type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis variation Difference among members of a species