Biology Quiz Latest 2023 Graded A+

Biology Quiz Latest 2023 Graded A+ Homeostasis the ability of a living thing to keep conditions inside its body constant Polymer large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together Nutrient Cycle The movement of materials (nutrients) in a local ecosystem Organism a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently Polar having a pair of equal and opposite charges Non-polar not ionic Charged term referring to matter having an excess of electrons (a negative charge) or a deficiency of electrons (a positive charge) Hydrophobic Water Fearing Hydrophillic Water Loving Solute the dissolved substance in a solution Solvent a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances Covalent Bond a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule Molecule (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound Hydrogen bond a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond Macromolecule any very large complex molecule Organelles tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive Populations groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Community (ecology) a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other Ecosystem a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment Biome a major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate Monomer a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers Sexual reproduction in which the genes from two parents join to make an offspring Asexual a type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts Heridity The passing of traits from parents to offspring Metabolism set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes Adhesion an attraction between molecules of different substances Cohesion attraction between molecules of the same substance Capillary action a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries Surface tension a phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by intermolecular forces Ecology the environment as it relates to living organisms Biotic living Abiotic non-living Food web (ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains Trophic levels The hierarchical levels of the food chain through which energy flows from primary producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers and so on. Autotroph organism capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances Food chain a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Heterotroph an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition Producer an organism that makes its own food Consumer an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms Herbivore any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants Carnivore any animal that feeds on flesh Omnivore an animal that feeds on both animal and vegetable substances Decomposer organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter 10% rule only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up. Greenhouse effect warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere Greenhouse Gas a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation Global Climate Change a change in the world's climate Photosynthesis process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars Cellular respiration the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules 1st law of Thermodynamics the law that states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed 2nd law of Thermodynamics whenever energy is converted from one form to another form some energy is lost as heat Evaporation the process of becoming a vapor Transpiration the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants Condensation the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state Precipitation the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist) Runoff water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground Seepage water that leaks out and slowly moves deeper underground Root uptake plant roots absorb the water Nitrogen Fixation the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria Anaerobic without oxygen Aerobic process that requires oxygen Law of Conservation of Matter a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system Ecological Footprint A way of measuring how much of an impact a person or community has on the earth. Someone who uses more natural resources will have a bigger footprint than someone who uses less. Water H2o Chemical Digestion chemicals produced by the body break foods into their smaller chemical building blocks Mechanical Digestion Part of digestion that uses movement and muscles to break down food Peristalsis the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along Chyme a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum Enzymes protein substances that speed up chemical reactions. Catalyst (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected Active site the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs Substrate the substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment Products the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction calorie unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure Calorie a unit of the energy supplied by food Mouth the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge Saliva a clear liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth Amylase any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants Stomach an enlarged and muscular sack like organ of the alimentary canal Esophagus the passage between the pharynx and the stomach Small Intestine digestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place Liver Large organ just above the stomach that produces bile Bile a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder Gall Bladder stores bile until needed for digestion Pancreas gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food Villi Small fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestines that increase surface area Large Intestine the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body Cecum the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens Colon the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum Rectum A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated Anus opening of the rectum to the outside of the body Appendix a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch Lock and Key Model of enzyme activity that explains how a particular enzyme will only fit with one particular type of substrate. Activation Energy the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur Surface Area the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary Lipase an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream Trypsin an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine Pepsin Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach Protease Enzyme that digests protein HcL hydrochloric acid