PSY 120 Exam 5 Questions With Complete Solutions

the 4 D's—the questions that help us determine if something is considered abnormal behavior. correct answer: Deviance - "Is the behavior considered strange within the person's own culture?" Distress - "Does the behavior cause personal distress?" Dysfunctional - "Is the behavior maladaptive?" Danger - "Is the person a danger to self or others?" Biological Perspective on Mental Disorders correct answer: Abnormal behavior arises from a physical cause. Biological treatments, such as drug therapy or psychosurgery, are favored. example of biological perspective on Mental Disorders correct answer: Something Physically wrong with you. Chemicals in your blood/hormones/nerves/brain tumor or lesions are messed up. This explains what perspective of mental disorders. Psychodynamic Perspective on Mental Disorders correct answer: Disorders stem from childhood and unresolved, unconscious conflicts. Treatment involves psychoanalysis. example of a Psychodynamic Perspective correct answer: A person has obsessive compulsive behavior because they never properly resolved internal conflict during the anal stage of psychosocial development. Learning Perspective on Mental Disorders correct answer: Abnormal thoughts and behaviors are learned and sustained like any other behaviors. Treatment uses classical and operant conditioning and modeling to extinguish maladaptive behavior and increase adaptive behavior example of Learning Perspective on Mental Disorders correct answer: A person has a fear of bridges because their father would pretend to lose control of the car and shake the wheel back and forth whenever they went over a bridge as a child. Cognitive Perspective correct answer: Faulty thinking and distorted perceptions can cause psychological disorders. Treatment tries to change faulty, irrational, and/or negative thinking. example of Cognitive Perspective correct answer: A student consistently underperforms on exams because they have low self-efficacy and they don't believe in themselves. Biopsychosocial Perspective on Mental Disorders correct answer: Disorders result from a combination of biological, psychological, and social causes. Drug and psychotherapy are employed as treatment. example of Biopsychosocial Perspective correct answer: Due to growing up in a poor neighborhood and having inconsistent access to a nutritious diet, a person overeats which in turn causes impairment of their hypothalamus leading to chronic obesity and body image issues. Panic Attack correct answer: an episode of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror The brain responds to normal changes in the body as if they were life-threatening. Uncued attacks appear to be brought about by a dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system's fight-or-flight system. Agoraphobia correct answer: intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is not possible often begins with repeated panic attacks People with ?????????? sometimes plan their entire lives around avoiding feared situations. Panic Disorder correct answer: The person experiences recurring, unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror. Repeated panic attacks becomes panic disorder. can lead to the development of agoraphobia which complicates clinicians' efforts to help people who have panic disorder. The presence of both panic disorder and agoraphobia is among the most debilitating of all psychological disorders. Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) correct answer: irrational fear and avoidance of any social or performance situation fear of embarrassing or humiliating oneself in front of others by appearing clumsy, foolish, or incompetent may take the specific form of performance anxiety Specific Phobia correct answer: fear of a specific object or situation general label for any phobia other than agoraphobia or social phobia categories of specific phobias: Situational phobias Fear of the natural environment Animal phobias Blood, injection, injury phobias Persecutory (delusion of persecution) correct answer: Belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, and so forth by an individual, organization, or other group. Grandiose (delusion of grandeur) correct answer: When an individual believes that he/she has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame Erotomanic correct answer: When an individual believes falsely that another person is in love with him or her Nihilistic correct answer: Involve the conviction that a major catastrophe will occur Somatic correct answer: Preoccupation involving health and organ function Body Dysmorphic Disorder correct answer: by proxy-obsessed with a defect that a person percieves in someone else Hoarding disorder correct answer: execessive acqusition Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia) correct answer: Longer than MDD episode, but of lesser severity. Criteria: Depressed mood for most of the day for two years two or more symptoms to be diagnosed. not as severe as MDD. Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) correct answer: Suffers overwhelming sadness, despair, and hopelessness usually lose their inability to experience pleasure Criteria: Five or more symptoms to be diagnosed one has to be depressed mood or inability to have pleasure Bi polar I correct answer: Characterized by at least one manic episode. abnormally - persistently elevated or irritable mood. - can be happy then switch to sad - last at least one week or any duration if hospitalized. Bipolar II correct answer: The manic episode is milder than in-?????? less likely to cause yourself harm, but overall condition not milder Cyclothymic disorder correct answer: for at least 2 years, symptoms of hypomania and depression, but are not as severe to meet full criteria -milder versions of hypomania and depression fluctuation -never been without symptoms for more than two months at a time Neurological Correlates correct answer: -PET scans have revealed abnormal patterns of brain activity in people with mood disorders - Area of brain tissue in lower prefrontal cortex is 40 to 50 percent smaller in people with MDD ***Neurotocism is acossiated with depression and abnormal seratonin levels **** Genetic factor correct answer: Fifty percent of the identical twins of bi polar suffers have also been diagnosed with a mood disorder (compared to only seven percent of fraternal twins) Stressors factor correct answer: The majority of first episodes of depression stife after major life stress Culture Factor correct answer: Lifetime risk for depression varies greatly around the world Depression influenced by cultures ideas of how people ought to feel Suicide In Race/Gender/Age correct answer: Major risk factors include... Mood disorders (MDD, bipolar) Schizophrenia substance abuse - risk increases when people are exposed to major life stressors - older white males die by suicide more often than members of other race or age groups schizophrenia key features correct answer: delusion, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (Speech), Negative symptoms, Grossly diorganized or abnormal motor behavior two or more of key features of present for significant period of time over one month. signs of disturbance persist at least 6 months correct answer: schizophrnia delusion correct answer: believing something is happening even though there is evidence for the contrary grandiose correct answer: " I can run faster than usain bolt" what kind of delusion "my teacher is after me" what kind of delusion correct answer: Persucatory having to take a restraining order out on someone because the keep pursuing you because they think that they are in love with you. What kind of delusion? correct answer: Erotomatic Disorganized Thinking correct answer: -Typically inferred form indivisuals speech - Switch from one topic to another (derailment or loose association) - Answers to questions maybe obliquely related ot completely unrelated (tengentail - speech may be incoherent Grossly disorganized behavior correct answer: Manifest in variety of ways from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation -catatonia behavior-marked decrease in reactivity to the environment resitance to instruction maintaining a rigid innapropriate of bizarre posture complete lack of verbal and motor responses purposelessness of ancessive activity w/o obvious cause Negative symptoms of schizophernia correct answer: loss of defiency in thought or behavior that is charactstic of normal funtioning -socially withdrawl - apathy/loss of motivation - flat affect - limited speech and slow movements Explaning schizophrenia correct answer: There is no known single cause of schizophrenia. Risk factors interact in a complex way (an indivisual might have relevant risk factors but never develop the disorder) Constitutional vulnerability correct answer: Men are more likely than women, heredity/genetic, Pregnancy with hypoxia (smoking, alcohol, drug use) reduce amount of oxygen reaching fetus, Parents are older Before your born Schizophrenia correct answer: Stress- don't experience more stress but stressful events may trigger development of schizophrenia Neuromaturational Processess correct answer: Environmental factors may disrupt normal brain development. different risk factors that influence Schizophrenia correct answer: Prenatal events- Lack of oxygen to the brain (cord wrapped around baby) Heredity: higher chances of developing (genetic) schizophrenia if you have a close genetic relative (genetic) Parents age increases chance increases (genetic) Neuromaturational processes (genetic) Constitutional vulnerability (genetic) Stress (acquired) Disorder correct answer: diagnosis that is going to be grouped with a particular mental dysfunction. umbrella term. Specifier correct answer: allow for more clarity to explain a particular aspect of that dysfuntion Somatic Symptom Disorder correct answer: one or more somatic (body) symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption in daily life (ex: hypochondriac) Somatic systems correct answer: physical symptoms are present that are due to physiological cases rather than any known medical condition Illness Anxiety Disorder correct answer: Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness: somatic symptoms are mild or absent Conversion Disorder correct answer: altered sensory or motor functioning which has no physical cause. go blind feel paralyzed because of specific stressor Factitious Disorder correct answer: not a somatic symptom. intentionally creating a symptom. Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms or induction of injury or disease Factitious Disorder by proxy correct answer: making the symptoms happen to someone else (make a wish scandal) Dissociative amnesia correct answer: Complete or partial loss of the ability to recall personal information and/or past experiences. Often people only get this if they have had severe abuse in childhood. Dissociative fugue (??????? of Dissociative amnesia) correct answer: (specifier) complete loss of memory of ones entire identity an traveling away from home. Often involves assuming a new identity. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder correct answer: Presence of one or both. Depersonilzation-experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer to oneself (out of body experience) derealization- experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surrounding losing connection to world around body Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) correct answer: two or more distinct personality states occur in the same person. Host- Personality in charge of person most of the time Alters: alternate personalities Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder correct answer: a disorder in which children are highly irritable and have frequent outbursts of temper that interfere with social and academic functioning. Onset has to be before ten. should not be identified before developmental age of 6. More common in boys. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) correct answer: Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts. Requires the presence of restrictive, repetitive, patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder correct answer: neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairing levels of inattention disorganization, and/or hyperactivity impulsivity. Presence of symptoms before 12 years old. Can be diagnosed retrospectively with historical info. Personality disorders correct answer: typically don't diagnose children with personality disorders psychotherapy correct answer: treatments that use psychological rather than biological means to treat emotional and behavioral disorders. focused on the mind insight therapies correct answer: approaches to psychotherapy based on the notion that psychological well-being depends on self-understanding Psychoanalysis correct answer: attempts to uncover repressed childhood experiences that are thought to cause the patients current problems. (dream analysis, transference) Interpersonal therapy correct answer: Brief psychotherapy:12-16 sessions. Effective with depression and bi polar illnesses. Four interpersonal problems associated with depression Severe response to loved one dying., interpersonal role disputes, difficulty adjusting to role trans. deficits in interpersonal skills Person-centered therapy correct answer: Non directive therapy. Therapist doesn't lead you anywhere let you guide yourself you understand what is going on with yourself better than anyone else. Not something focused on for severe mental health disorders. Gestalt Therapy correct answer: Opposite of Person centered. Directed therapy mental health profesional leads the session. Not used with severe mental health issue Family therapy correct answer: parents and children enter the therapy as group and get help with going through rough patch w/ family Group therapy correct answer: people in group who all share a common issue to share with people who know what there going through. Sometimes not even lead by mental health professionals example AA behavior therapies correct answer: A treatment approach consistent with the learning perspective on psychological disorders (abnormal behavior is learned, the behavior itself as the disorder, use learning principle to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors, the goal is to change the troublesome behavior) token economies correct answer: rewards appropriate behavior with poker chips, play money, points (tends to work better with children) -- 3rd grade reward system time out correct answer: A behavior modification technique used to eliminate undesirable behavior, especially in children and adolescents by withdrawing all reinforcers for a period of time. systematic desensitization correct answer: based in classical conditioning. Used to treat fears. Client is trained in deep muscle relaxation. Confront hierarchy of fears. Highly successful treatment for eliminating fears and phobias in a relatively short time. (what they should have done with baby Albert) Used mainly for phobias. flooding correct answer: Behavior therapy based on classical conditioning. Used to treat phobias by exposing clients to the feared object or event for an extended for an extended period, until their anxiety decreases. Used mainly for phobias. exposure and response prevention correct answer: Successful with OCD two components exposure: exposing clients to objects or situations that trigger obsessions and compulsive rituals. Response Prevention: The client agrees to resist performing compulsive rituals for longer and longer periods of time. aversion therapy correct answer: aversive stimulus paired with a harmful of socially undesirable behavior. Behavior becomes associated with pain of discomfort. Controversial positive punishment. participant modeling correct answer: based on bobo doll study. A model demonstrates appropriate responses to a feared stimulus in graduated steps. The client imitates the model with the encouragement of a therapist. Most specific phobias can be extinguished in 3-4 hours. Antipsychotic Drug correct answer: known as neuroleptics. Prescribed primarily for schizophrenia. control hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and behavior. 50% have good response Antidepressant Drug correct answer: mood elevators for severe depression. helpful in the treatment of certain anxiety disorders. psychological effects of these medications on the brain. block seratonin or epinaphreine uptake. Anticonvulsants Drug correct answer: and lithium Typically used with mood disorders (depression, and very affective in bi polar disorder) effective at managing manic episodes in bi polar disorder. Anti-anxiety Drug correct answer: Minor tranquilizers. Users may experience moderate to intense withdraw symptoms including intense anxiety. electroconvulsive therapy correct answer: electric current is administered to the right cerebral hemisphere. Patient is under anesthesia. Usually reserved for severely depressed patients who are suicidal. ECT was misused and overused in the 1940s and 1950s, leaving it with a bad reputation. very controversial and not heavily used. psychosurgery- labotomy correct answer: brain surgery performed to alleviate serious psychological disorders or unbearable chronic pain. Lobotomy severs neural connections between frontal lobes and deeper centers involved in emotion. very rarely used. Cingulotomy correct answer: psychosurgery destroys cingulum. Can help in extreme cases of OCD last resort. very controversial can be very destructive. psychologist correct answer: has an advanced degree-- usually a doctorate in psychology. Clinical psychologists generally diagnose and treat psychological disorders. Counseling psychologists generally provide therapy for normal problems of life such as divorce Psychiatrist correct answer: MD. medical doctor. Can prescribe drug therapy. Ethics in psychotherapy correct answer: Don't do harm do the best for the clients do not intentionally or not cause them harm. Rights of patients be informed (informed consent) , choose new professional. therapist should not treat indivisual they have a relationship with. first gen. antidepressant/Second gen. antidepressant correct answer: They work through blocking the re-uptake of seratonin or epinepherin what therapy is best used for mental disorders that a rised from learning perspective correct answer: Treatment uses classical and operant conditioning and modeling to extinguish maladaptive behavior and increase adaptive behavior Biopchychosocial treament correct answer: Drug and psychotherapy are employed as treatment.