Psychology 120 Exam 3 at Purdue Questions With Complete Solutions

Thinking correct answer: the process that undelies the mental manipulation of knowledge usually in an attempt to reason a goal or solve a problem Grammer correct answer: rules of a communication system Three aspects of grammar: correct answer: 1)Phonology 2)Syntax 3)Semantics Phonology correct answer: The rules for combining sounds to make words Syntax correct answer: The rules for combining words to make sentences Semantics correct answer: The rules used in language to communicate meaning Category correct answer: A class of objects (people, places, or things) that most people agree belong together Levels of Categorical Heirarchy correct answer: 1) Super ordinate [plant] 2) Basic level [tree] 3) Subordinate [oak] Prototype correct answer: The best or most representative member of a category (stereotype) Prototype theory correct answer: we compare objects to their prototype (stereotype) Exemplar Theory correct answer: we compare the new object to all of the individual examples of the category that we have in our memory Algorithm correct answer: A step-by-step procedure that guarantees an outcome Heuristics defenition correct answer: Problem-solving approaches that incorporate a rule of thumb or broad application of a strategy. Heuristics correct answer: 1) Means-ends analysis 2) Working backwards 3) Searching for analogies Means-ends analysis correct answer: solve problems by devising means that reduce the distance between the current starting point and the desired end point Working backwards correct answer: starting with the desired end point and working backwards until you reach your starting point Searching for analogies correct answer: looking for resemblance between current problem and a problem that has been solved in the past Mental Sets correct answer: A tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems. Conformation bias correct answer: the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories. Belief persistance correct answer: the tendency to cling to initial beliefs when confronted with disconfirmation Representativeness Heuristic correct answer: the tendency to make decisions based on an alternative's similarities or representatives in relation to an idea Availability heuristic correct answer: the tendency to base estimate on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. Crystallized intelligence correct answer: The knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge. Fluid intelligence correct answer: One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly Intrinsic motivation correct answer: describes behaviors that appear to be entirely self-motivated, goal-directed Extrinsic motivation correct answer: behavior is driven by external rewards Sexual scripts correct answer: learned cognitive programs that tell us how to interact with sexual partners Two-factor theory of emotions correct answer: the cognitive interpretation, or appraisal, of a bodily reaction drives the subjective experience of emotion Psychodynamic approach correct answer: includes all theories of psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces with in the person Ego defense mechanisms correct answer: unconscious processes that can ward off the anxiety that comes from confrontation with the ID Social-cognitive approach correct answer: the study of how we use cognitive processes such as perception, perception memory, thought and emotion to understand other people Stereotype correct answer: the collection of beliefs and impressions held about a group and it's members Self-fulfilling prophecy correct answer: a condition in which our expectations about the actions of another person actually lead them to act in the expected way Covariation model of attribution correct answer: people make casual inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave in a certain Fundamental attribution error correct answer: when people seek to interpret someone else's behavior Actor-observer effect correct answer: the tendency of people to make external attributions regarding their own behaviors Elaboration likelihood model correct answer: a model proposing two primary routes to persuasion and attitude change Bystander effect correct answer: The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present Social loafing correct answer: the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually Conformity correct answer: the tendency to comply with the wishes of the group Medical model of abnormal behavior correct answer: the view that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease," which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy Generalized anxiety disorder correct answer: Excessive worrying about almost everything (6 months daily) Phobic disorder correct answer: Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations Obsessive compulsive disorder correct answer: a disorder that manifests itself through persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the compelling need to perform specific repetitive acts, called compulsions Major depression correct answer: a disorder characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms Insight therapy correct answer: assigned to give clients self-knowledge, or insight, into the content of their thought processes, through one-to-one verbal communications Psychoanalysis correct answer: the goal is to help uncover an thereby relieve unconscious conflicts decision making correct answer: the thought process involved in evaluating and choosing from among a set of alternatives; it usually involves some kind of risk deep structure correct answer: the underlying representation of meaning in a sentence defining features correct answer: the set of features necessary to make objects acceptable members of a category family resemblance correct answer: the core features that category members share; a given member of the category may have some but not necessarily all of these features framing correct answer: the way in which alternatives in a dexision-making sitch are constructed functional fixedness correct answer: the tendency to see objects and their functions in certain fixed and typical ways ill-defined problem correct answer: a problem, like the search for happiness, that has no well-stated goal, no starting point, and no easy way to tell when solution is obtained insight correct answer: the moment when a problem solution seems to pop suddenly into one's mind morphemes correct answer: the smallest units in a language that carry meaning: cool, uncool, hip phonemes correct answer: the smallest significant sound units in speech: b, ng, a pragmatics correct answer: the practical knowledge used to comprehend the intentions of a speaker and to produce an effective response surface structure correct answer: the ordering of words in a sentence well-defined problem correct answer: a problem with a well-stated goal, clear starting point, and relatively easy way to tell when a solution has been obtained implicit correct answer: how children pick up language skills category exemplars correct answer: specific examples of category members that are stored in long term memory basic level categories correct answer: the level in a category hierarchy that provides the most useful and predictive info; the basic level usually resides at an intermediate level in a category hierarchy superordinates correct answer: top-level categories, not very descriptive special categories correct answer: we will naturally group certain objects together regardless of experience or culture strategy correct answer: a technique that enables you to move systematically towards a problem solution intelligence correct answer: individual differences among people, especially differences in their ability to perform tasks, enables us to adapt to ever changing environments psychometrics correct answer: the use of psychological tests to measure the mind and mental procedures factor analysis correct answer: a statistical procedure that groups together related items on tests by analyzing the correlations among test scores g (general intelligence) correct answer: According to Spearman, a general factor, derived from factor analysis, that underlies or contributes to performance on a variety of mental tests. s (specific intelligence) correct answer: according to Spearman, a specific factor, derived from factor analysis, that is unique to a particular kind of test. multiple intelligences correct answer: the notion proposed by Howard Gardner that people possess a set of separate and independent "intelligence" ranging from musical to linguistic to interpersonal ability achievement test correct answer: psychological tests that measure your current level of knowledge or competence in a particular subject. aptitude tests correct answer: psychological tests that measure your ability to learn or acquire knowledge in a particular subject reliability 314 correct answer: a measure of the consistency of test results; reliable tests produce similar scores or indices from one administration to the next triarchic theory correct answer: Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence; it proposes three types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical analytical intelligence correct answer: tend to perform well on conventional tests that measure reasoning and logical-mathematical reasoning (SAT). Better than others at processing info, can generate effective strategies for solutions. Creative Intelligence correct answer: expresses how well people are to create, invent, and discover practical intelligence correct answer: a measure of how well people can take ideas and put them into everyday practice. Solve problems that are uniquely posed by their cultural surroundings. "street skills" good test correct answer: reliability, validity, standardization validity 315 correct answer: an assessment of how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure standardization 315 correct answer: keeping the testing, scoring, and interpretation procedures similar across all administration of a test mental age correct answer: the chronological age that best fits a child's level of performance on a test of mental ability intelligence quotient (IQ) correct answer: mental age divided by chronological age and then multiplied by 100 deviation IQ correct answer: an intelligence score that is derived from determining where your performance sits in an age-based distribution of test scores intellectual disability correct answer: a label generally assigned to someone who scores below 70 on a standard IQ test, although other factors, such as one's ability to adapt to the environment, are also important gifted correct answer: a label generally assigned to someone who scores above 130 on a standard IQ test creativity correct answer: the ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful emotional intelligence correct answer: the ability to perceive, understand, and express emotion in ways that are useful and adaptive. tactic knowledge correct answer: unspoken practical knowledge about how to perform well on the job heritability correct answer: a mathematical index that represents the extent to which IQ differences in a particular population can be accounted for by genetic factors achievement motive correct answer: Cannon-bard theory correct answer: emotions. correct answer: psychological events involving 1. a psychological reaction, usually arousal, 2. some kind of expressive reaction, such as a distinctive facial expression 3. some kind of subjective experience, such as the conscious feeling of being happy or sad intrinsic motivation behaviors that are entirely self-motivated; for own sake incentives A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. drives response to a physiological need, ex: hunger or thirst instincts Complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned. Characteristic patterns of responding, controlled by specific triggering stimuli Physiological phases of sexual arousal -The human sexual response is believed to follow a four-component biological sequence: -(1) During an initial excitement phase, arousal increases rapidly. -(2) During the plateau phase, arousal increases steadily but more slowly. -(3) In the orgasmic phase, sexual release occurs. -(4) In the resolution phase, arousal falls back toward normal levels. -For men, the resolution phase is characterized by a refractory period during which further stimulation fails to produce visible signs of arousal or orgasm. general adaption syndrome (GAS) stress = non-specific reaction, 3 phases: alarm, resistance, exhaustion Maslow's hierarchy 1. physiological 2. safety 3. belongingness and love 4. esteem 5. self-actualization facial feedback hypothesis muscles in face deliver signals to the brain that are then interpreted as subjective emotional states Evolutionary View of Mate Selection Throughout evolutionary history, men and women have faced gender-specific reproductive problems, and their attitudes and mating rituals have probably developed, in part, to help resolve these problems. homeostasis how you maintain steady temperature and amount of fluids anorexia fail to maintain normal weight level, fear of being overweight bulimia binge eating then purging (throwing up) correct answer: excitement phase correct answer: changes in muscle tension, increase heart rate and blood pressure, rushing of blood into genital organs plateau phase correct answer: arousal increases, although at a slower rate, toward preorgasm maximum point orgasmic phase correct answer: rhythmic contractions in sex organs; in men, ejaculation occurs. There is also the subjective experience of pleasure, which appears to be similar for men and women resolution phase correct answer: arousal returns to normal levels. for men, there is a refractory period during which further stimulation fails to produce visible signs of arousal. incentive motivation correct answer: external factors in the environment that exert pulling effects on our actions james-lange theory correct answer: a theory of emotion that argues that body reactions precede and drive the subjective experience of emotions motivation. correct answer: the set of factors that initiate and direct behavior, usually toward some goal need hierarchy correct answer: the need popularized by maslow that human needs are prioritized. search maslow obesity correct answer: a weight problem characterized by excessive body fat satiation signals correct answer: internal chemical signals, such as hormone CCK, that reduce our desire to eat. set point correct answer: a natural body weight, perhaps produced by genetic factors, that the body seeks to maintain sexual orientation correct answer: a person's sexual and emotional attraction to members of the same sex or the other sex; homosexuality, heterosexuality, and bisexuality personality correct answer: the distinguishing pattern of psychological characteristics - feeling, thinking, and behaving - that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across situations trait correct answer: a stable predisposition to act or behave in a certain way trait theories 374 correct answer: formal systems for assessing how people differ, particularly in their predispositions to respond in certain ways across situations big five 376 correct answer: the five dimensions of consciousness - extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness- that have been isolated through the application of factor analysis. cardinal trait 377 correct answer: all port's term to describe personality traits that dominate an individual's life, such as a passion to serve others or to accumulate wealth central traits 378 correct answer: All port's term to describe the five to ten descriptive traits that you would use to describe someone you know. friendly, trustworthy, and so on. secondary traits 378 correct answer: the less obvious characteristics of a personality that do not always appear in his or her behavior. such as testiness on a diet. self-report inventories 378 correct answer: personality tests in which people answer groups of questions about how they typically think, act, and feel; their responses, or self-reports, are then compared to average responses complied from large groups of prior test takers projective personality test 380 correct answer: a type of personality test in which individuals are asked to interpret unstructured or ambiguous stimuli psychodynamic theory 382 correct answer: an approach to personality development, based largely on the ideas of Sigmund freud, that holds that much of behavior is governed by unconscious forces conscious mind 382 correct answer: the contents of awareness - those things that occupy one's current attention preconscious mind 382 correct answer: the part of the mind that contains all of the inactive but potentially accessible thoughts and memories unconscious mind 382 correct answer: the part of the mind that Freud believed housed all the memories, urges, and conflicts that are truly beyond awareness id 382 correct answer: in freud theory, the portion of personality governed by inborn instinctual drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression superego 383 correct answer: in freud's theory, the portion of personality that motivates people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance with the moral customs defined by parents and culture ego correct answer: in freud theory, the portion of personality that induces people to act with reason and deliberation and helps them conform to the requirements of the external world. defense mechanisms 383 correct answer: freud- the unconscious processes used by the ego to ward off the anxiety that comes from confrontation, usually with the demands of the external world. repression 383 correct answer: defense mechanism used to bury anxiety producing thoughts and feelings in the unconscious oral stage 384 correct answer: the first stage in Frued's conception of psychosexual development, occurring in the first year of life. pleasure is derived from sucking and placing things in mouth anal stage correct answer: second stage; occurring in first year of life. pleasure from the process of defecation (pooping) phallic stage correct answer: third stage, age 3-5; pleasure from self-stimulation of sexual organs latency period correct answer: Freud's period of psychosexual development, from age 5 to puberty, during which the child's sexual feelings are largely suppressed genital stage correct answer: final stage, during which one develops mature sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex collective unconscious correct answer: the notion proposed by carl jung that certain kinds of universal symbols and ideas are present in the unconscious of all people humanistic psychology 387 correct answer: an approach to personality that focuses on people's unique capacity for choice, responsibility, and growth self-concept 387 correct answer: an organized set of perceptions that we hold about our abilities and characteristics positive regard 387 correct answer: the idea that we value what others think of us and that we constantly seek others approval, love, and companionship conditions of worth 387 correct answer: the expectations or standards that we believe others place on us incongruence correct answer: a descrepency between the image we hold of ourself - our self concept - and the sum of all our experiences self actualization 388 correct answer: the ingrained desire to reach one's true potential as a human being social-cognitive theories 390 correct answer: an approach to personality that suggests it is human experiences, and interpretations of them, that determine personality growth and development locus of control 391 correct answer: the amount of control a person feels he or she has over the environment self-efficacy 391 correct answer: the beliefs that we hold about our own ability to perform a task or accomplish a goal reciprocal determinism 392 correct answer: the idea that beliefs , behavior, and the environment interact to shape what is learned from experience comparing views of personality development 393 correct answer: person-situation debate 394 correct answer: a controversial debate centering on whether people really do behave consistently across situations self monitoring 395 correct answer: the degree to which a person monitors a situation closely and changes his or her behavior accordingly ; people who are high self monitors may not behave consistently across situations QUIZ 9 The surface structure of a sentence refers to: Selected Answer: Correct the literal arrangement of words within a sentence Answers: the underlying representation or meaning in a sentence Correct the literal arrangement of words within a sentence the sentence's truthfulness of validity the pragmatic rules used to generate the sentence Question 2 1 out of 1 points Correct To say language is an adaptation is to say it developed through: Selected Answer: Correct natural selection Answers: cultural advance learning Correct natural selection cognition Question 3 1 out of 1 points Correct The language Dani is spoken in the Amazon rainforest. The language has just two color words, one to refer to darkly colored objects and one to refer to lightly colored objects. Some researchers have argued that the Dani would not be able to perceive the entire color spectrum because the language lacks words for all the colors. This view is referred to as: Selected Answer: Correct linguistic relativity Answers: linguistic adaptation cognitive linguistics linguistic grammar Correct linguistic relativity Question 4 1 out of 1 points Correct Language comprehension relies on: Selected Answer: Correct both bottom-up and top-down processing Answers: Correct both bottom-up and top-down processing neither bottom-up nor top-down processing bottom-up processing alone top-down processing alone Question 5 1 out of 1 points Correct When individuals start at the goal state and move toward the current point in the problem, they are using the problem-solving heuristic known as: Selected Answer: Correct working backward Answers: Correct working backward means-ends analysis searching for analogies availability Question 6 1 out of 1 points Correct In category hierarchies, the most useful and predictive information is provided by: Selected Answer: Correct basic-level categories Answers: Correct basic-level categories superordinate categories subordinate categories prototype categories Question 7 1 out of 1 points Correct Jamil is out of sand and salt to use on his icy driveway. The 10 pounds of birdseed he has in his garage would be a good substitute, but he doesn't consider that possibility. Jamil's thinking illustrates: Selected Answer: Correct functional fixedness Answers: the availability heuristic a framing effect means-ends analysis Correct functional fixedness Question 8 0 out of 1 points Incorrect Based on Kahneman and Tversky's investigations into the effects of framing on decision making, you should recommend that a dairy firm that wants to market its cheese to individuals following a low-fat diet should advertise its cheese as: Selected Answer: Incorrect being 95% fat free Answers: being 95% fat free having only 5% fat Correct being 95% fat free, with only 5% fat being locally made, with no reference to fat content Question 9 1 out of 1 points Correct Overgeneralization demonstrates that: Selected Answer: Correct children have a natural inclination to acquire the rules of language Answers: language development is strongly influenced by the environment children develop language by imitating their parents Correct children have a natural inclination to acquire the rules of language language development is not as universal as the genetic view of language development requires Question 10 1 out of 1 points Correct The speaker typically follows pragmatic guidelines or maxims in conversations. Which of the following is NOT an example of such a guideline? Selected Answer: Correct be interesting Answers: be relevant tell the truth Correct be interesting be clear correct answer: Question 11 1 out of 1 points Correct With respect to spoken language, syntax refers to: Selected Answer: Correct rules for combining words to make sentences Answers: Correct rules for combining words to make sentences rules for combining sounds to make words rules for communicating meaning the practical knowledge used to comprehend and produce spoken language Question 12 0 out of 1 points Incorrect The linguistic relativity hypothesis predicts that: Selected Answer: Incorrect language development should consistently lag behind cognitive development Answers: language and thought should develop independently people in all cultures should think alike, despite their language differences language development should consistently lag behind cognitive development Correct people should have difficulty thinking about things they cannot describe in words Question 13 1 out of 1 points Correct Children pick-up their language skills: Selected Answer: Correct implicitly Answers: as their parents teach them grammatical rules directly Correct implicitly as their parents teach them abstract concepts explicitly Question 14 1 out of 1 points Correct "Rules of thumb" that are usually quick but which do not guarantee a problem solution will be found, are called: Selected Answer: Correct heuristics Answers: algorithms homilies Correct heuristics axioms Question 15 1 out of 1 points Correct The underlying representation or meaning in a sentence provides the sentence's Selected Answer: Correct deep structure Answers: surface structure transformational structure Correct deep structure lexical structure Question 16 1 out of 1 points Correct Dwight is convinced that the wheezing he has been experiencing for the past three months is a sign of cancer. He has been to four different doctors who have all told Dwight that his wheezing is due to allergies. However, Dwight refuses to take the antihistamines that have been prescribed because he is convinced that all these doctors are wrong. In this instance, Dwight is showing evidence of: Selected Answer: Correct a confirmation bias Answers: the framing effect functional fixedness Correct a confirmation bias the availability heuristic Question 17 1 out of 1 points Correct In general, toddlers can: Selected Answer: Correct understand more words than they can say Answers: say more words than they actually understand say and understand the same number of words Correct understand more words than they can say understand verbs better than nouns Question 18 1 out of 1 points Correct When people use the anchoring and adjustment heuristic to make judgments, they base their judgments on: Selected Answer: Correct the difference between the event in question and an initial starting point Answers: Correct the difference between the event in question and an initial starting point the ease with which examples can be brought to mind the similarity between the event in question and their prototype mathematical calculations of the expected value Question 19 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding language development? Selected Answer: Correct there is a regularity to language development Answers: experience plays no role in language development Correct there is a regularity to language development it is easy to explain language development by appealing only to environment the universality of language development becomes apparent at the start of adolescence Question 20 1 out of 1 points Correct Leo used to eat tuna often, but after a case of botulism made headlines, he decided tuna was too risky. His decision appears to have been influenced by: Selected Answer: Correct the availability heuristic Answers: a framing effect Correct the availability heuristic functional fixedness the representativeness heuristic Question 21 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following is NOT an argument against the idea language developed as an adaptation? Selected Answer: Correct Children learn language incredibly quickly. Answers: Correct Children learn language incredibly quickly. There are no fossil records to support the evolution of language. It is not easy to see how a simple form of language could have an adaptive advantage. The universal features of language might be a result of how our perceptual systems operate. Question 22 1 out of 1 points Correct Grammar refers to the rules: Selected Answer: Correct of language that enable the communicator to combine symbols to convey meaning Answers: governing how to combine words into sentences governing the practical usage of language of language concerning how to combine sounds to create words Correct of language that enable the communicator to combine symbols to convey meaning Question 23 1 out of 1 points Correct Within the family resemblance method of category formation, objects with few of the family features: Selected Answer: Correct represent "poor" members of the category Answers: represent "good" members of the category Correct represent "poor" members of the category are called prototypes or exemplars form the basic level for the concept hierarchy Question 24 1 out of 1 points Correct The processes that underlie the mental manipulation of knowledge, usually in an attempt to reach a goal or solve a problem, are called: Selected Answer: Correct thinking Answers: introspection learning Correct thinking maturation Question 25 1 out of 1 points Correct Conrad is attempting to solve an anagram. He starts by trying words that start with common letters, such as "s" and "t." In this case, Conrad is using: Selected Answer: Correct a heuristic to solve the anagram Answers: an algorithm to solve the anagram a homily to solve the anagram Correct a heuristic to solve the anagram an axiom to solve the anagram QUIZ 10 Question 1 1 out of 1 points Correct Dorinda tells you that her 12-year-old cousin recently completed an intelligence test that translated raw scores into deviation IQ scores. Dorinda knows that her cousin's deviation IQ score was 75, but she is not sure what this means. You should tell her that her cousin: Selected Answer: Correct scored below the mean for 12-year-olds Answers: answered 75% of the questions correctly on the test Correct scored below the mean for 12-year-olds scored above the mean for 12-year-olds scored at the mean for the average 9-year-old Question 2 1 out of 1 points Correct The degree to which a test samples broadly across the domain of interest refers to the test's: Selected Answer: Correct content validity Answers: Correct content validity predictive validity reliability construct validity Question 3 1 out of 1 points Correct African Americans perform worse when they believe they are taking an intelligence test than when they think the test has some other purpose. This has been explained in terms of: Selected Answer: Correct stereotype threat Answers: racial bias in test content the Flynn Effect the heritability of intelligence Correct stereotype threat Question 4 1 out of 1 points Correct In terms of intelligence, s factor refers to: Selected Answer: Correct an individual factor that is unique to a particular type of test Answers: an underlying intelligence factor that applies to all types of test performance an individual's ability to solve problems, reason, and remember Correct an individual factor that is unique to a particular type of test the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions Question 5 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following researchers proposed that creative intelligence is a type of intelligence distinct from other types of intelligence? Selected Answer: Correct Robert Sternberg Answers: Charles Spearman Howard Gardner Correct Robert Sternberg L.L. Thurstone Question 6 1 out of 1 points Correct What percentage of the population is affected by intellectual disabilities? Selected Answer: Correct 1 to 3 Answers: less than 1 Correct 1 to 3 5 to 7 9 to 11 Question 7 0 out of 1 points Incorrect Jennie has just attained a fairly high score in a test designed to measure her numerical ability. Based on Thurstone's theory of seven primary intelligences, when Jennie takes a test designed to measure her spatial ability, you can predict: Selected Answer: Incorrect she will attain a high score on that test as well Answers: she will attain a high score on that test as well she will attain a much lower score on that test Correct her score on that test will be independent of her numerical ability test score she will attain an even higher score on the second test Question 8 0 out of 1 points Incorrect Susan and her brother Stephen are very competitive with one another. Susan always beats Stephen at scramble because she knows more words than he does. This difference is an example of which of the following types of intelligences? Selected Answer: Incorrect fluid intelligence Answers: fluid intelligence Correct crystallized intelligence practical intelligence creative intelligence Question 9 0 out of 1 points Incorrect Eve didn't go to college and she was never trained to run a business, but with experience she developed great management skills and understands how to make a business prosper. Eve would score well on a test of: Selected Answer: Incorrect fluid intelligence Answers: Correct tacit knowledge general intelligence (g) analytical intelligence fluid intelligence Question 10 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following is one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? Selected Answer: Correct all of these choices Answers: intrapersonal intelligence spatial intelligence interpersonal intelligence Correct all of these choices correct answer: Question 13 1 out of 1 points Correct Francis Galton is one of the earliest proponents of the: Selected Answer: Correct psychometric view of intelligence Answers: cognitive view of intelligence behavioral view of intelligence Correct psychometric view of intelligence gestalt view of intelligence Question 14 1 out of 1 points Correct The labeling effect refers to which of the following? Selected Answer: Correct children identified as smart get more respect from teachers and are given more educational opportunities than other children Answers: Correct children identified as smart get more respect from teachers and are given more educational opportunities than other children children identified as needing more attention from teachers and are given more educational opportunities than other children children identified as having PKU get more attention from teachers and are given more educational opportunities than other children none of these choices Question 15 0 out of 1 points Incorrect Justin is about to take a music test to assess his ability to detect minor differences in sound frequencies and his ability to successfully replicate the note that he hears on the piano. If he scores well on the test, he will be admitted as a student to the music conservatory where the test is being administered. In this case, the test that Justin completes would be classified as: Selected Answer: Incorrect an achievement test Answers: an achievement test a standardized test a multiphasic test Correct an aptitude test Question 16 1 out of 1 points Correct The term g factor referring to intelligence was proposed by: Selected Answer: Correct Charles Spearman Answers: Robert Sternberg Howard Gardner Correct Charles Spearman Sir Francis Galton Question 17 1 out of 1 points Correct Sternberg and Wagner found that tacit knowledge: Selected Answer: Correct improves as people gain more work experience Answers: declines as people gain more work experience has a strong positive correlation with overall IQ score tends to be negatively correlated with overall IQ score Correct improves as people gain more work experience Question 18 1 out of 1 points Correct A test that can be used to accurately estimate future performance in a given area is said to have high: Selected Answer: Correct predictive validity Answers: Correct predictive validity content validity reliability construct validity Question 19 1 out of 1 points Correct Who suggested that intelligence should be conceptualized as seven primary mental abilities that are independent of each other? Selected Answer: Correct L.L. Thurstone Answers: Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg Correct L.L. Thurstone Raymond Cattell Question 20 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following is a correct statement concerning Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? Selected Answer: Correct Rigorous studies to validate the approach have been conducted. Answers: It has helped make the concept of intelligence narrower. It deals only with behaviors covered by the psychometric approach. As of yet it has not had any practical impact. Correct Rigorous studies to validate the approach have been conducted. Question 21 1 out of 1 points Correct What percentage of the population with an intellectual disability is moderately to profoundly affected? Selected Answer: Correct 15 Answers: Correct 15 40 60 85 Question 22 1 out of 1 points Correct Deon is 10 years old, but on intelligence tests, she scores at the level typical of 12-year-olds. Using the formula developed by Lewis Terman, Deon would have an IQ of: Selected Answer: Correct 120 Answers: Correct 120 100 140 110 Question 23 1 out of 1 points Correct The causes of intellectual disabilities: Selected Answer: Correct can be genetic or environmental Answers: are always genetic are always environmental cannot yet be understood Correct can be genetic or environmental Question 24 1 out of 1 points Correct A mathematician has just purchased a set of the first papers explaining factor analysis. The papers are probably by: Selected Answer: Correct Charles Spearman Answers: Howard Gardner Francis Galton Correct Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg Question 11 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following is one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? Selected Answer: Correct interpersonal intelligence Answers: mechanical intelligence practical intelligence Correct interpersonal intelligence scientific intelligence Question 12 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following is an incorrect statement concerning Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? Selected Answer: Correct It has not been scientifically tested. Answers: It has helped broaden the concept of intelligence. It deals with behaviors and skills not normally covered by the psychometric approach. It can be applied in classroom settings. Correct It has not been scientifically tested. Question 25 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following is NOT one of the types of intelligences proposed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? Selected Answer: Correct musical intelligence QUIZ 11 Question 1 1 out of 1 points Correct The two-factor theory of emotion states that: Selected Answer: Correct the cognitive interpretation or appraisal of physiological reactions drives the subjective experience of emotion Answers: people experience emotions subjectively, and this leads to physiological reactions physiological reactions precede and drive the subjective experience of emotions physiological reactions and subjective experiences occur together, but they are independent of each other Correct the cognitive interpretation or appraisal of physiological reactions drives the subjective experience of emotion Question 2 1 out of 1 points Correct A snarling dog approached Rob suddenly. He began to sweat, his heart beat more rapidly, and his muscles tensed. According to the James-Lange theory, Rob first felt the emotion of fear: Selected Answer: Correct right after the physiological arousal began Answers: right after seeing the dog and before physiological arousal began Correct right after the physiological arousal began at the same time as the physiological arousal began right after he evaluated or appraised the physiological arousal Question 3 1 out of 1 points Correct Brent experienced an orgasm just over 30 minutes ago. He is still largely unresponsive to sexual stimulation. Based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson, Brent is in the: Selected Answer: Correct resolution phase Answers: postorgasmic phase plateau phase excitement phase Correct resolution phase Question 4 1 out of 1 points Correct Which part of the brain contains receptors sensitive to food-related hormones such as leptin and insulin? Selected Answer: Correct the hypothalamus Answers: Correct the hypothalamus the lateral geniculate nucleus the substantia nigra the amygdala Question 5 1 out of 1 points Correct The amount of effort that an individual will expend on any particular task depends on: Selected Answer: Correct his or her expectations for success and the value that is placed on the task Answers: his or her need for achievement his or her current level of self-actualization Correct his or her expectations for success and the value that is placed on the task the number of instinct-drive interactions that have been activated Question 6 1 out of 1 points Correct Before eating, levels of: Selected Answer: Correct ghrelin increase Answers: ghrelin decrease Correct ghrelin increase estrogen decrease estrogen increase Question 7 1 out of 1 points Correct Lana is suddenly confronted by a snarling pit bull. Based on the James-Lange theory of emotion, Lana should report: Selected Answer: Correct "I feel afraid because my heart is pounding." Answers: "My heart is pounding because I feel afraid." Correct "I feel afraid because my heart is pounding." "The dog makes me feel afraid, and it makes my heart pound." "My pounding heart means I am afraid because I interpret this as a dangerous situation." Question 8 1 out of 1 points Correct The hormone ghrelin is produced in the: Selected Answer: Correct stomach Answers: thyroid pancreas liver Correct stomach Question 9 1 out of 1 points Correct Recent research that has investigated the cross-cultural prevalence of eating disorders suggests that: Selected Answer: Correct bulimia nervosa, but not anorexia nervosa, is largely confined to Western cultures Answers: both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are largely confined to Western cultures anorexia nervosa, but not bulimia nervosa, is largely confined to Western cultures Correct bulimia nervosa, but not anorexia nervosa, is largely confined to Western cultures both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are evident throughout the world, regardless of culture correct answer: Question 12 1 out of 1 points Correct Set point refers to: Selected Answer: Correct the constant weight that your body tries to maintain Answers: the typical amount of insulin that your body secretes following a meal Correct the constant weight that your body tries to maintain the number of calories in a single meal that will activate the ventromedial hypothalamus the optimal blood glucose level that your body tries to maintain Question 13 1 out of 1 points Correct Learned cognitive programs that instruct us on how, why, and what to do in our interactions with sexual partners are called: Selected Answer: Correct sexual scripts Answers: gender scripts gender schemas Correct sexual scripts sexual schemas Question 14 1 out of 1 points Correct The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that: Selected Answer: Correct changing your facial expression can change the emotion that you are experiencing Answers: Correct changing your facial expression can change the emotion that you are experiencing facial expressions are accurate indications of internal emotional states different internal states trigger unique facial expressions the facial expressions of others can affect our subjective emotional responses Question 15 1 out of 1 points Correct When geese fly south for the winter they are displaying: Selected Answer: Correct an instinct Answers: Correct an instinct a drive an emotional response a conditioned response Question 16 1 out of 1 points Correct According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the needs that become activated after our esteem needs have been met are: Selected Answer: Correct self-actualization needs Answers: physiological needs Correct self-actualization needs safety needs love and belongingness needs Question 17 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following needs is among those in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Selected Answer: Correct all of these choices Answers: love and belongingness self-actualization esteem Correct all of these choices Question 18 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding emotions? Selected Answer: Correct emotions involve objective experiences Answers: emotions are psychological events emotions involve a physiological reaction emotions involve an expressive reaction Correct emotions involve objective experiences Question 19 0 out of 1 points Incorrect Dr. Clark believes that muscles in the face deliver signals to the brain that are then interpreted as subjective emotional states. Dr. Clark's views are consistent with: Selected Answer: Incorrect the two-factor theory of emotion Answers: the James-Lange theory of emotion the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion Correct the facial feedback hypothesis the two-factor theory of emotion Question 20 1 out of 1 points Correct Caylin is on a roller coaster. As the roller coaster reaches the top of the first climb and starts to drop, Caylin clutches the safety bar of the car and screams at the top of her lungs. These reactions are part of the: Selected Answer: Correct expressive reaction in Caylin's emotional experience Answers: physiological response in Caylin's emotional experience subjective experience of Caylin's emotional experience cognitive appraisal of Caylin's emotional experience Correct expressive reaction in Caylin's emotional experience Question 21 1 out of 1 points Correct Ben is trying to solve a crossword puzzle in the local newspaper because he enjoys working through all the clues and coming up with the correct answers. This is an example of: Selected Answer: Correct intrinsic motivation Answers: Correct intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation self-actualization incentive motivation Question 22 1 out of 1 points Correct A decrease in male sex drive has been associated with: Selected Answer: Correct low levels of testosterone Answers: high levels of testosterone low levels of estrogen high levels of estrogen Correct low levels of testosterone Question 23 1 out of 1 points Correct The notion of a "set point," or natural body weight, for each individual is supported by the finding that: Selected Answer: Correct most people show little variation in weight from year to year Answers: people tend to eat more food when they are alone than when they are with other people most people are hungrier during the day than at night Correct most people show little variation in weight from year to year people tend to eat more food when they are with other people than when they are alone Question 11 1 out of 1 points Correct Which hormone helps the body pump nutrients present in the blood into cells? Selected Answer: Correct insulin Answers: serotonin testosterone glycol Correct insulin Question 24 1 out of 1 points Correct The push to seek success and significant accomplishments in our lives is called: Selected Answer: Correct achievement motivation Answers: intrinsic motivation goal motivation internal drive motivation Correct achievement motivation Question 25 1 out of 1 points Correct Internal chemical signals that reduce our desire to eat are called: Selected Answer: Correct satiation signals Question 10 1 out of 1 points Correct Tom has weighed 250 lbs. all of his adult life. He lost 20 lbs. while sick one time but was back up to 250 lbs. within a few weeks of getting well. Tom's experience is best explained by: Selected Answer: Correct set point theory Answers: overjustification Maslow's need hierarchy the two-factor theory Correct set point theory QUIZ 12 Question 1 1 out of 1 points Correct Which part of the mind operates according to the reality principle? Selected Answer: Correct ego Answers: Correct ego superego id superid Question 2 1 out of 1 points Correct Factor analysis was NOT used in the development of: Selected Answer: Correct Allport's trait theory Answers: Correct Allport's trait theory Eysenck's sixteen factor theory Cattell's three factor model McCrae and Costa's big five theory Question 3 1 out of 1 points Correct Morley was one of the highest paid news anchors in prime time television. He had been with the same national network for 20 years. His coworkers couldn't believe it when Morley cleared out his office one day and announced he was going to become a volunteer with an international relief agency. He explained his decision by stating, "I feel I need to make a fundamental change in my life if I am going to continue to grow as a person." Morley's actions are consistent with: Selected Answer: Correct Maslow's concept of self-actualizing individuals Answers: Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism Correct Maslow's concept of self-actualizing individuals Roger's concept of incongruence Freud's concept of fixation Question 4 1 out of 1 points Correct Webb's teacher has told him that there is really no way for him to earn a passing grade in his statistics class, even if he earns 100% on all the work that remains. However, Webb has convinced himself that he will still pass the course if he just works really hard for the rest of the semester. In this instance, Webb may be dealing with the anxiety aroused by the teacher's comments through the use of: Selected Answer: Correct denial Answers: reaction formation projection sublimation Correct denial Question 5 1 out of 1 points Correct Hans Eysenck identified three superfactors. Which of the following is one of them? Selected Answer: Correct psychoticism Answers: agreeableness conscientiousness openness Correct psychoticism Question 6 1 out of 1 points Correct The humanistic approach to personality is sometimes criticized for: Selected Answer: Correct adopting a view of human nature that is too optimistic Answers: adopting a view of human nature that is too pessimistic stressing the role of environmental influences over the role of genetic influences stressing the role of genetic influences over the role of environmental influences Correct adopting a view of human nature that is too optimistic Question 7 1 out of 1 points Correct Recent research indicates that when today's American college students are compared to college students from the early 1960s, current students tend to have: Selected Answer: Correct more of an external locus of control Answers: more of an internal locus of control higher levels of self-efficacy lower levels of self-efficacy Correct more of an external locus of control Question 8 1 out of 1 points Correct According to Freud, the portion of the personality that motivates people to act in accordance with society's moral customs is: Selected Answer: Correct the superego Answers: the id the ego the Oedipus Correct the superego Question 9 1 out of 1 points Correct According to Freud's view of personality development, when a person continues to act in ways that are appropriate for a particular stage, even after they have physically matured beyond that stage, the person has become: Selected Answer: Correct fixated Answers: repressed Correct fixated sublimated activated Question 10 1 out of 1 points Correct Twin studies suggest that personality traits measured by the MMPI are determined: Selected Answer: Correct by both the environment and genetics, but genetics probably plays a greater role Answers: Correct by both the environment and genetics, but genetics probably plays a greater role entirely by genetics entirely by the environment or experience by both the environment and genetics, with each equally important correct answer: Question 13 1 out of 1 points Correct Repression is an ego-defense mechanism that: Selected Answer: Correct actively keeps anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious Answers: deals with unacceptable thoughts and feelings by attributing them to others Correct actively keeps anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious transforms anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings into the opposite thought or feeling channels unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities Question 14 1 out of 1 points Correct According to Freud, the conscious memory of a dream a person has is the dream's: Selected Answer: Correct manifest content Answers: latent content Correct manifest content psychic content dynamic content Question 15 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following stages in Freud's psychosexual development occurs first? Selected Answer: Correct oral stage Answers: Correct oral stage anal stage phallic stage genital stage Question 16 0 out of 1 points Incorrect Which of the following is incorrect with regard to high self-monitors? Selected Answer: Incorrect they are likely to alter their stated beliefs to please another person Answers: they are likely to alter their stated beliefs to please another person they are likely to conform to social norms they tend to be aware of how their behavior is affecting others Correct they are less able to remember the behavior of others Question 17 1 out of 1 points Correct In the Big Five model, the five dimensions of personality are: Selected Answer: Correct agreeableness, neuroticism, extroversion, openness, and conscientiousness Answers: Correct agreeableness, neuroticism, extroversion, openness, and conscientiousness extroversion, intelligence, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and imagination sensitivity, neuroticism, agreeableness, dominance, and openness conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, imagination, and dependency Question 18 1 out of 1 points Correct Which of the following is an example of a projective test? Selected Answer: Correct the TAT Answers: the 16PF the NEO-PI-3 Correct the TAT the MMPI Question 19 1 out of 1 points Correct When Leigh was 7, she witnessed a terrible traffic accident on her way to school. Today, at the age of 32, she has no memory of the traffic accident. Even when she saw pictures of the accident in a recent news flashback, she didn't remember witnessing the accident 25 years ago. According to Freud, it appears that Leigh's memory of the accident is contained in her: Selected Answer: Correct unconscious mind Answers: preconscious mind conscious mind Correct unconscious mind subconscious mind Question 20 1 out of 1 points Correct Harrison is extremely dependable and productive, and he has strong ethical values. Based on the Big Five model of personality, Harrison would probably score: Selected Answer: Correct high in conscientiousness Answers: Correct high in conscientiousness high in agreeableness high in openness low in neuroticism Question 21 1 out of 1 points Correct Farah bites her nails so badly that they bleed, but she can't seem to stop herself from doing this. According to Freud, Farah's nail biting may be evidence of fixation at the: Selected Answer: Correct oral stage of development Answers: phallic stage of development anal stage of development Correct oral stage of development latency period of development Question 22 1 out of 1 points Correct Mahatma Gandhi had a deep moral belief in nonviolence, and his strong beliefs guided almost all his personal and political actions throughout his life. Gandhi's passionate moral belief would likely be described by Gordon Allport as a: Selected Answer: Correct cardinal trait Answers: Correct cardinal trait central trait secondary trait superordinate trait Question 23 1 out of 1 points Correct An individual's belief that he or she has the ability to perform a task or accomplish a goal is referred to as: Selected Answer: Correct self-efficacy Answers: self-monitoring locus of control Correct self-efficacy reciprocal determinism Question 24 1 out of 1 points Correct Trait theories are most closely associated with the: Selected Answer: Correct psychometric approach Answers: psychodynamic approach humanistic approach Correct psychometric approach social-cognitive approach Question 25 1 out of 1 points Correct People who are high in self-monitoring are likely to: Selected Answer: Correct be inconsistent in their behavior across diverse situations Answers: Correct be inconsistent in their behavior across diverse situations show strong consistency in their behavior across diverse situations have low self-esteem and low self-confidence have high self-esteem and high self-confidence Question 12 1 out of 1 points Correct To investigate the role of genetic factors in personality, researchers administered the MMPI to pairs of identical twins who had been reared apart and pairs of nonidentical twins who had been reared together. Imagine that these researchers found that the nonidentical twins reared together were more similar on a given trait than the identical twins reared apart. This would be evidence that: Selected Answer: Correct the environment has a larger influence than genetics on the expression of that particular trait Answers: genetics has a larger influence than the environment on the expression of that particular trait genetics and the environment are equally influential on the expression of that particular trait neither genetics nor the environment influences the expression of that particular trait Correct the environment has a larger influence than genetics on the expression of that particular trait Question 11 1 out of 1 points Correct Nina got a bad grade on her first exam. This led her to think she could never understand the material or pass the class. As a result, she quit going to class, and of course, failed. Bandura calls this interaction of belief, experience, and behavior: Selected Answer: Correct reciprocal determinism Answers: self-efficacy self-monitoring Correct reciprocal determinism conditions of worth