BIOETHICS MCQ VARIANTS QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

Reducing or eliminating altogether feeling of grief, shyness, low self-esteem and depression is a: correct answer: Mood enhancement Providing help to the sickest first belongs to this category of principles: correct answer: Favoring the worst-of Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, false claims to authorship and media hype are: correct answer: Different forms of misconduct in research The most relevant uncertainty about condition of a patients in a persistent vegetative state (PVS) is: correct answer: The possibility of recovery and the possibility of consciousness Macro-level regulation of access to beneficial healthcare means: correct answer: Deciding how much of the national budget should be allocated to healthcare, infrastructure, education etc Euthanasia that involves someone inducing someone's death(e.g. by injecting a death-causing drug), is called: correct answer: Active euthanasia The main ethical issues such as- the risk of ectopic pregnancy miscarriage, multiple birth, the risk of birth defects, the risk for women health, high costs, high caesarean section rates, overpopulation vs adoption, justice of access, examination of every embryo. Cryopreservation, postmenopausal pregnancy - are raised by the use of: correct answer: In vitro fertilization Euthanasia that takes places when the person who is killed or let die has not willed it, but also has not ruled it out, is called: correct answer: Non-voluntary euthanasia Attempts to reduce the number of undesirable of unfavorable genes in the human gene pool, is called: correct answer: Negative eugenics Instead of demanding equal share of resources for everyone in healthcare, thinkers like J.Rawls and N. Daniels propose the principle of "equal opportunities", which means: correct answer: Removing disadvantages of ill-health and disabilities to perform normal range of life choices in their respective situation "Banishment of ethical and other value issues from the legitimate purview of science, as moral judgements could not be proven empirically" and "denial of the ability of science to study or even know the existence of consciousness in humans or animals" are the components of: correct answer: Scientific ideology Germline gene therapy is directed at: correct answer: Reproductive cells In gestational surrogacy a child: correct answer: Is not genetically related to the surrogate mother What is so called "paradox of health care" correct answer: Demand always outstrips supply as medicine advances "Animals are analogous to such marginal humans as the retarded, the comatose, the simile, the insane etc. Since we find experimenting on such humans morally repugnant, we should find experimentation on animals equally repugnant." This claim is made by: correct answer: Raymond G. Frey What considerations McMahan uses to show that we are not identical with our organism...: correct answer: He presents different anomalous conditions The development of high-technology intensive agriculture- "factory farming": correct answer: Destroyed symbiotic husbandry-based agriculture Lottery belongs to this category of principles: correct answer: Treating people equally A fertility treatment method used to deliver sperm directly to the cervix or uterus in hope of getting pregnant is called: correct answer: Artificial insemination Which ethical principles conflict most regarding social justice in bioethics: correct answer: Autonomy versus restrictions on individual freedom Euthanasia is: correct answer: Doing something to bring about another's death (killing letting die) with the intention that the person die because the death is in the best interests of the person who will die What are the reasons why the concept of brain death was introduced? correct answer: Technological developments in intensive care Macro-level regulation of access to beneficial healthcare means: correct answer: Deciding how much of the national budget should be allocated to healthcare, infrastructure, education Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, false claims to authorship and media hype are: correct answer: Different forms of misconduct in research The "four R's" approach means: correct answer: Respect, reduction, refinement and replacement Somatic gene therapy is directed at: correct answer: Somatic cells Which of the following is not a gene editing method: correct answer: Transplanting cells capable of fighting diseased cells via cell-mediated immunity in the course of immunotherapy Statements such as "animals lack of soul", "animals do not have a language" or "animals do not reason": correct answer: Mark differences between humans and animals but do not mark morally relevant differences. What social value is promoted by assisted reproduction? correct answer: Belief that having one's own biological children are a natural and important part of life How much of the healthcare budget should be spent of different areas within healthcare- screening programs, donor transplant organization/operations, rehabilitation etc. - is a question about resource allocation at: correct answer: Meso-level false claim of authorship involve: correct answer: Requiring or allowing one's name to appear as an author when in fact the work was entirely done by others. Suicide is: correct answer: Ending one's own life, intending one's own death either asan end itself or as a means to some further end What are the main conservative objections against the use of assisted reproduction (AR): correct answer: AR separates sex and reproduction, and radically alters traditional relationship. Euthanasia that involves someone allowing (by acting or omitting an action) someone to die, is called: correct answer: Passive euthanasia Scores for EQ-5D are generated on the basis of the ability of the individual to function in five following dimensions: correct answer: Mobility, pain/discomfort, self-care, anxiety/depression, ability to perform usual activities Instead of demanding equal share of resources for everyone in healthcare, thinkers like J. Rawls and N. Daniels propose the principle of "equal opportunities", which means: correct answer: Removing disadvantages of ill-health and disabilities to perform normal range of like choices in their respective situation What are the basic requirements described in the most ethical codes of research ethics? correct answer: Protection of participants as paramount, independent review, scientific validity consent, balance of risks and benefits Attempts to reduce the number of undesirable or unfavorable genes in the human gene pool, is called: correct answer: Negative eugenics What are the reasons why the concept of brain death was introduced: correct answer: Technological developments in intensive care. What differences between persons or groups should be considered in deciding about distributing resources in healthcare: correct answer: Ethically relevant differences According to McMahan, we are: correct answer: Minds A fertility treatment method used to deliver sperm directly to the cervix or uterus in the hope of getting pregnant is called: correct answer: Artificial insemination Euthanasia that takes place when the person who is killed or let die has not willed it, but also has not ruled it out, is called: correct answer: Non-voluntary euthanasia Quality adjusted life-years (QALY) is an arithmetic product of: correct answer: - QALY is a way to measure quality of life and Life and expectancy (years), probability so survive - Life expectancy and life quality Attempts to increase the number of favorable or desirable genes in the human gene pool is called: correct answer: Positive eugenics "If the relevant state being produced in the animals is analogous to the same state in humans, why are we morally entitled to produce that state in animals when we would not be so entitled to produce it in humans? And if the animal state is not analogous to the human state, why create it in the animal?" This is an illustration of: correct answer: Psychologist's dilemma in the animal research What considerations McMahan uses to show that we are not identical with our organisms: correct answer: He presents different anomalous conditions According to the "higher brain" criterion patients in a persistent vegetative state: correct answer: Are Dead Statements such as "animals lack a soul", "animals do not have a language", or "animals do not reason": correct answer: Mark differences between humans and animals but do not mark morally relevant differences. Brain death is: correct answer: Irreversible cessation of functioning in the brain as a whole The author of the argument animals cannot reason, and therefore they cannot morally be said to be protected from invasive use in: correct answer: Carl Cohen Which spheres of justice pertains more to question in bioethics: correct answer: Distributive and social justice The research ethics as a discipline was created: correct answer: As a result of research scandals What does "inverse care law" mean: correct answer: Social status and place of residence also determines access to healthcare What does inverse care law mean: correct answer: Social status and place of residence also determines access to healthcare Euthanasia that is willed by the party who is either killed or let die, is called: correct answer: Voluntary euthanasia Germline gene therapy is directed at: correct answer: Reproductive cells A procedure in which oocytes are removed from a woman's ovary and fertilised by a sperm outside the body to form embryos that a later placed in a woman's uterus is called: correct answer: In vitro fertilization Genetic enhancement is: correct answer: Intervention that improves some capacity or characteristic that normal human beings ordinarly have or, more radically, that produces a new one. What definition of human death is defended by McMahan: correct answer: Death as the ceasing to exist of conscious being What are the basic requirements described in the most ethical codes of research ethics: correct answer: Protection of participants as paramount, independent review, scientific validity, consent, balance of risks and benefits Utilitarianism states that: - The best action is to follow one's duty and maximize virtue - The best action is the one producing the best consequences for the best people - The best action is the one producing the best consequences for the maximum of people - The best action is the one producing the most virtuous consequences for the maximum of people correct answer: The best action is the one producing the best consequences for the maximum of people Virtue ethics focuses on the__________of the moral agent: - Character - Rationality - Experience - Action correct answer: - Character According to quantitative hedonism: correct answer: The only way how one pleasure differs from another is in terms of its quantity Descriptive ethics is non-normative approach to morality correct answer: - TRUE According to quantitative hedonism correct answer: - The only way how pleasure differs from another is in term of its quantity Which is NOT one of the fundamental moral beliefs that consequentialism violates? correct answer: The distinct between guilt and innocence Which ethical theory holds that duty, moral and obligations and right actions are the basic of morality? correct answer: - Deontology Utilitarianism states that: correct answer: The best action is the one producing the best consequences for the maximum of people Which ethical theory focuses on the motives, intentions and character of the moral agent? correct answer: = VIRTUE ethics Utilitarianism is a version of? correct answer: = Consequentialism According to Aristotle, when we discuss what a moral virtue is correct answer: = We have to define it as a habit- which is precisely the same thing as the potential we all have to become virtuous individuals Virtue ethics holds that in the application of a virtue in a given situation correct answer: = we have to apply it as a means to an end What is the four-fold set of principles presented by Beauchamp and Childress that set the standard for principle-based approach to applied ethics? correct answer: = Respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice One of Immanuel Kant's main formulations of the_________ states that people may not use or mistreat others solely as a means to an end correct answer: = Categorical imperative Which ethical theory holds that what is right and good is based on common values and beliefs passed down through tradition? correct answer: Communitarianism According to the procreative beneficence account parents have an obligation to create the best possible children correct answer: = TRUE The identity as a person implies, that contraception and sexual abstinence is wrong correct answer: = FALSE Accoring to the identity as a person account it is equaly wrong to kill an embryo and an adult correct answer: = FALSE What social values promote assisted reproduction? correct answer: Belief that having one's own biological children are a natural and important part of life Main objections against the use of assisted reproduction Conservative objection: AR separates sex and reproduction, AR radically alters traditional relationship Feminist objection: AR will reinforce and promote sexism, AR ads to men´s power over women correct answer: In gestational surrogacy a child: Is not genetically related to the surrogate mother correct answer: Is not genetically related to the surrogate mother The ordinary/extraordinary treatment distinction is used to say that: correct answer: The person's moral obligation to receive a treatment goes down as treatment moves from ordinary to extraordinary Which of the following is the best example of active euthanasia? correct answer: A Healthcare provider injecting patient with lethal dose of barbiturate's. The principle of double effect suggests that sometimes it is okay to hasten death through the administration of large doses of say morphine, as long as relief pf pain and NOT death was intent correct answer: = TRUE Passive euthanasia includes: correct answer: Allowing a patient to die by withholding or discontinuing treatment According to the doctrine of double effect, an act of killing is justified if the death is only a side effect (or unintended result), but not is not the primary intended consequence of one's act correct answer: =TRUE According to the doctrine of double effect correct answer: = effects are always dependent and independent at the same time, because anything else would be a contradiction. Brain death is: correct answer: irreversible cessation of functioning in the brain as a whole The dead donor rule states: correct answer: only dead persons may serve as vital organ donors The "dead donor rule" means the organs donors usually die after donating a life critical organ correct answer: = False According to the "higher brain" criterion patients in a persistent vegetative state: correct answer: Are Dead What are the reasons why the concept of brain death was introduced: correct answer: Technological developments in intensive care. What would it mean if a patient, thought to be in a persistent vegetative state (PVS), in fact had conscious brain activity? correct answer: They are indeed in a persistent vegetative state The most relevant uncertainty about condition of a patients in a persistent vegetative state (PVS) is: correct answer: The possibility of recovery and the possibility of consciousness What would be the implication of the higher brain definition of death for patients in a "persistent vegetative state?" correct answer: = they would be regarded as dead The difference between brain death and persistent vegetative state is? correct answer: The functioning of the brain stem which is lacking In the persistent vegetative state What definition of human death is defended by McMahan: correct answer: Death as the ceasing to exist of conscious being Reducing or eliminating altogether feelings of grief, shyness low self-esteem and depression is a: 1. Moral enhancement 2. Mood enhancement 3. Cognitive enhancement 4. Character enhancement correct answer: 2. Mood enhancement Providing help to the sickest first belongs to this category of principles: 1. Treating people equally 2. Social usefulness 3. Favoring the worst-off 4. Maximizing benefits correct answer: 3. Favoring the worst-off Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, false claims to authorship and media hype are: 1. Scientific reality 2. Different forms of misconduct in research 3. Different forms of behavior in research 4. Scientific exceptionalism correct answer: 2. Different forms of misconduct in research The most relevant uncertainty about condition of a patient in persistent vegetative state is: 1. The possibility of recovery and the possibility of consciousness 2. The possibility that PVS patients are in fact in MCS (minimally conscious state) 3. The possibility that person in PVS are not persons 4. The possibility of consuming vast and expensive resources correct answer: 1. The possibility of recovery and the possibility of consciousness Macro-level regulation of access to beneficial healthcare means: 1. Emergency decision which patient to be operated on first 2. Medical committee's decision between two recipients for the only available donor heart 3. Deciding how much of the national budget should be allocated to healthcare, infrastructure, education... 4. Decision of the hospital board to invest in the renovation of the hospital correct answer: 3. Deciding how much of the national budget should be allocated to healthcare, infrastructure, education... Euthanasia that involves someone inducing someone's death (e.g.: injecting a death-causing drug), is called: 1. Acute euthanasia 2. Chronic euthanasia 3. Passive euthanasia 4. Active euthanasia 5. Voluntary euthanasia correct answer: 4. Active euthanasia The main ethical issues such as - the risk of ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, multiple birth....... 1. In-vitro fertilization 2. Prenatal screening 3. Preimplantation screening 4. Artificial insemination by donor's sperm correct answer: 1. In-vitro fertilization Euthanasia that takes place when the person who is killed or let die has not willed it, but also has not ruled it out, is called: 1. Passive euthanasia 2. Active euthanasia 3. Voluntary euthanasia 4. Non-voluntary euthanasia 5. Chronic euthanasia 6. Acute euthanasia correct answer: 4. Non-voluntary euthanasia Attempts to reduce the number of undesirable or unfavorable genes in the human gene poll is called: 1. State controlled eugenics 2. Individual eugenics 3. Negative eugenics 4. Positive eugenics correct answer: 3. Negative eugenics Instead of demanding equal share of resources for everyone in healthcare, thinkers like J. Rawls and N. Daniels propose the principle of "equal opportunities" which means: 1. Removing disadvantages of ill-health and disabilities to perform advance-level physical tasks 2. Removing disadvantages of ill-health and disabilities to perform normal range of life choices in their respective situation 3. Removing disadvantages of ill-health and disabilities to perform normal range of life choices that an average person might have. correct answer: 2. Removing disadvantages of ill-health and disabilities to perform normal range of life choices in their respective situation "Banishment of ethical and other value issues from the legitimate purview of science, as moral judgements could not be proven empirically" and "denial of the ability of science to study or even know the existence of consciousness in humans or animals" are the components of: 1. None of the given 2. Experimental ideology 3. Scientific ideology 4. Ignorance ideology correct answer: 3. Scientific ideology Germline gene therapy is directed at: 1. Somatic cells 2. Germline cells that are not reproductive cells 3. Reproductive cells 4. Somatic cells that participate in reproduction correct answer: 3. Reproductive cells According to the "higher brain" criterion, patients in PVS are: 1. In uncertain state between life and death 2. Alive 3. Still have interests and rights 4. Dead correct answer: 4. Dead In gestational surrogacy, a child: 1. May be genetically related to the surrogate mother 2. Is genetically related to the surrogate mother 3. Is not genetically related to the surrogate mother 4. None of the given correct answer: 3. Is not genetically related to the surrogate mother What is the so called "paradox of health care"? 1. Rather than making people live longer, healthcare just makes them happier 2. Decisions in healthcare relies more on ethics than science 3. Doctors only want to practice in well-off neighborhoods 4. Demand always outstrips supply as medicine advances correct answer: 4. Demand always outstrips supply as medicine advances "Animals are analogous to such marginal humans as the retarded, the comatose, the senile, the insane, etch. Since we find experimenting on such humans morally repugnant, we should find experimentation on animals equally repugnant" This claim is made by: correct answer: 1. Raymond G. Frey What consideration McMahan uses to show that we are not identical with our organism? 1. He appeals to various religious beliefs 2. He argues for person essentialism 3. He presents different anomalous conditions 4. He refers to someone else problem correct answer: 3. He presents different anomalous conditions The development of high-technology intensive agriculture "factory farming" 1. Destroyed symbiotic husbandry-based agriculture 2. Stabilized symbiotic husbandry-based agriculture 3. Strengthened symbiotic husbandry-base agriculture 4. Did not affect symbiotic husbandry-based agriculture correct answer: 1. Destroyed symbiotic husbandry-based agriculture Lottery belongs to this category of principles: 1. Favoring the worst-off 2. Treating people equally 3. Social usefulness 4. Maximizing benefits correct answer: 2. Treating people equally A fertility treatment method used to deliver sperm directly to the cervix or uterus: 1. In-vitro fertilization 2. Artificial insemination 3. Zygote intrafallopian transfer 4. Gamete intrafallopian transfer correct answer: 2. Artificial insemination Which ethical principles conflict most regarding social justice in bioethics: 1. Autonomy versus restrictions on individual freedom 2. Autonomy versus improving individual quality of life 3. Autonomy versus the right to choose one's treatment 4. Autonomy versus benevolence correct answer: 1. Autonomy versus restrictions on individual freedom Euthanasia is: 1. Ending the life of another person with the intention to pursue interests of the person who is... 2. Doing something to bring about another's death (killing, letting die) with the intention that the person keeps the best interests of the person who will die 3. Ending one's own life, intending one's own death either as an end itself or as a means to some ... 4. Murder with the aim to complete something that other did not have the courage to do. correct answer: 2. Doing something to bring about another's death (killing, letting die) with the intention that What are the reasons why the concept of brain death was introduced? 1. Debates in medical circles about the nature of death 2. Technological developments in intensive care 3. It has become clear by that time, that unconscious patients should be considered as dead 4. Patients demanded a new definition of death correct answer: 2. Technological developments in intensive care Euthanasia that involves someone allowing (by acting or omitting an action) someone to die, is called: 1. Passive euthanasia 2. Chronic euthanasia 3. Acute euthanasia 4. Voluntary euthanasia 5. Active euthanasia correct answer: 1. Passive euthanasia The "four R's" approach means: 1. Remind, retrieve, reimburse and rectification 2. Respect, reduction, refinement and replacement 3. Reuse, reduce, rewrite and resubmit 4. Reserved, redundancy, refine and replay correct answer: 2. Respect, reduction, refinement and replacement Somatic gene therapy is directed at: 1. Somatic cells 2. Germline cells 3. Reproductive cells 4. Somatic cells that participate in reproduction correct answer: 1. Somatic cells Which of the following is not a gene editing method? 1. Transplanting cells capable of fighting diseased cells via cell-mediated immunity in the course of immunotherapy 2. An abnormal gene is swapped for a normal one through homologous recombination 3. The mechanism that turns the affected gene on and off is regulated for the desired results 4. Normal gene is inserted into genome to replace a nonfunctional gene. correct answer: 1. Transplanting cells capable of fighting diseased cells via cell-mediated immunity in the course of immunotherapy Statements such as "animals lack a soul", "animals do not have a language" or "animals fo not reason": 1. Display that there is no morally relevant difference between intellectually disabled humans and many animals 2. Marks differences between humans and animals and mark morally relevant differences 3. Mark differences between humans and animals but do not mark morally relevant differences 4. Display that there appears to be no morally relevant difference between humans and at least vertebrate animals correct answer: 3. Mark differences between humans and animals but do not mark morally relevant differences What social value is promoted by assisted reproduction: 1. A principle of equal value, equal human rights and non-discrimination 2. Acceptance that single women have option to experience parenthood 3. Acceptance that same-sex couples have options to experience parenthood 4. Belief that having one's own biological children are a natural and important part of life. correct answer: 4. Belief that having one's own biological children are a natural and important part of life. False claims to authorship involve: 1. Presenting another person's idea as though they were your own 2. The temptation to promote scientific authorship by releasing exaggerated claims to the public media 3. Requiring or allowing one's name to appear as an author when in fact the work was entirely done by others 4. Presents the honesty of scientists in both carrying out the research and reporting the results correct answer: 3. Requiring or allowing one's name to appear as an author when in fact the work was entirely done by others Suicide is: 1. Ending one's own life, intending one's own death either as and end itself or as a means to some further end 2. Ending one's own life with the assistance of other person 3. Ending one's life intending one's own death neither as an end itself nor as a means to some further end 4. Doing something to bring about another's death with the intention that the person died because the death is in the best interests of the person who will die. correct answer: 1. Ending one's own life, intending one's own death either as and end itself or as a means to some further end What are the main conservative objections against the use of assisted reproduction (AR)? 1. Adoption is a better solution than donor insemination 2. Inequitable distribution of access to health care 3. AR separates sex and reproduction and radically alters traditional relationship 4. AR reinforces and promotes sexism correct answer: 3. AR separates sex and reproduction and radically alters traditional relationship Scores for the EQ-50 are generated on the basis of the ability of the individual to function in five following dimensions: 1. Mobility, pain/discomfort, self-care, anxiety/depression, ability to perform usual activities 2. Mobility, pain/discomfort, ability to communicate one's needs, anxiety/depression, ability to perform usual activities 3. Pain/discomfort, self-care, anxiety/depression, subjective evaluation of quality of life, ability to work 4. Anxiety/depression, ability to perform usual activities, mobility, ability to communicate one's needs, irritability of the nervous system correct answer: 1. Mobility, pain/discomfort, self-care, anxiety/depression, ability to perform usual activities What are the basic requirements described in the most ethical codes of research ethics? 1. Protection of participants as paramount independent review, scientific validity, consent, balance of risks and benefits 2. Protection as purpose, independent laboratory, scientific committee, consequences, balance of demand and supply 3. Protection of participants as necessary, independent research, professional expertise, scientific inventions, balance of power 4. All of the given correct answer: 1. Protection of participants as paramount independent review, scientific validity, consent, balance of risks and benefits What differences between person or groups should be considered in deciding about distributing resources in healthcare? 1. Ethically relevant differences 2. Socially relevant differences 3. None 4. Financially relevant differences correct answer: 1. Ethically relevant differences According to McMahan, we are 1. All of the given 2. Minds 3. Immortal souls 4. Human organisms correct answer: 2. Minds QUALY is an arithmetic product of: 1. Average life expectancy and average life quality 2. Life expectancy an life quality 3. Difference in quality of life if a treatment is not provided 4. Probability of survival during next five years. correct answer: 2. Life expectancy an life quality Simplified view of scientific method contradicts that: correct answer: - Scientist are influenced by their mental set - Facts are directly given to the observer via senses - Science begins with objective observations - Observations/ facts are prior and independent of theories 20. Which of the following statements does not characterize biostatistical theory of health? correct answer: - Health is opposite to illness, not disease - Survival and reproduction are crucial biological goals (no) - Health and disease are theoretical, value free concepts - Health excludes disease Please finish the sentence choosing the most suitable terms! According to the principle of utility formulated by J. S. Mill, actions are wrong when they tend to produce : correct answer: - Evil and harm - Social disorder and deviance - Pain and suffering - Disobedience and crime - Offence and crime Holistic theory of health is : correct answer: - Normative theory of Health - Both normative and naturalist theory of Health (no) - Neither normative nor naturalist theory of Health - Naturalist theory of Health(YES) what is the role of advance directives in medical decision-making ? correct answer: - To permit competence adult patients to provide guidance regarding their care in the event that they lose the capacity to make medical decisions - To determine who will be in charge of paying the patient's bills - To keep family members from arguing when house decisions need to be made - To provide legally binding Healthcare decisions that a person makes regarding desired care for common conditions Statements like "God exists", "there is an unperceptible Pink Elephant in this room" are : correct answer: - Scientifically useful and unfalsifiable - Scientifically useless and falsifiable - Scientifically useless and unfalsifiable - Scientifically useful and falsifiable According to deontological Theory action is considered morally right if it is based on : correct answer: - Accepted social norms - Moral reasoning - Best possible outcome - Correct moral principle (YES) - Law Philosophical Theses of "the psychological view" about human persons have their home in a long philosophical tradition that stems from : correct answer: - John Locke YES - Rene Descartes - Immanuel Kan Hansen's claim, that "there is more to seeing than meets the eye ball" means that : correct answer: - There are more things in the world than our eyes can see - Two normal observers viewing the same object under the same circumstances might have different visual experiences - We could use not only eyes but other senses as well - All of the given Applied ethics is a normative approach to morality: correct answer: - True Descriptive ethics is a normative approach to morality correct answer: - False what us " yuk factor" in ethics? correct answer: - yuk factor in ethics is a reaction for distaste or disapproval, based solely on emotion and unexamined prejudice. - In consequentialism, we attempt to predict the outcomes or consequences of a certain action, however, these predictions must be done with a carefully reasoned approach. If we dont make thoughtful and well informed predictions while considering all relevant facts, to put values on consequences, it would lead to the yuk factor. The yuk factor is a reaction of disapproval which is based only on emotion and unexamined prejudice. According to qualitative hedonism: a) all of the given b) pleasures differ not only by their quantity but also by their quality c) only pleasures of the highest quality should be counted d) The quality of pleasure depends on how much you pay for it correct answer: b) pleasures differ not only by their quantity but also by their quality Descriptive ethics is a non-normative approach to morality. correct answer: - True Are moral values objective? This is a question asked within normative ethics correct answer: - False According to quantitative hedonism a. There is a huge quantity of pleasure b. All pleasure is good as soon as there is a huge quantity of it c. All of the given d. The only way how one pleasure differs from another is in terms of its quantity correct answer: d. The only way how one pleasure differs from another is in terms of its quantity Applied ethics is non-normative approach to morality correct answer: - False According to the procreative autonomy account parents have an obligation to create the best possible children they can: correct answer: - False According to the procreative beneficence account parents have an obligation to create the best possible children they can: correct answer: - True The conferred moral status account implies that post-coital conception is wrong correct answer: - False The identity as a human organism account implies that post-coital contraception is wrong. correct answer: - True According to the procreative autonomy account every person has rights to make her own procreative choices according to her values. correct answer: - true According to the identity as a person account it is equally wrong to kill an embryo and an adult correct answer: - false The identity as a parson account implies, that contraception and sexual abstinence is wrong correct answer: - false According to the procreative autonomy account reproductive decisions should be made with the interest of the future child in mind. correct answer: - False The identity as human organism account claims that it is wrong to kill an embryo because the moral status of the embryo does not differ from the moral status of a child or an adult. correct answer: - True The identity as a human organism account implies that post-coital contraception is wrong. correct answer: - True According to the procreative autonomy account parents have an obligation to create the best possible children they can. correct answer: - False According to the procreative autonomy account reproductive decisions should be made with the interest of the future child in mind. correct answer: - False The conferred moral status account implies that post-coital conception is wrong. correct answer: - False According to the conferred moral status account it is equally wrong to kill an embryo and a newborn infant. correct answer: - False According to the procreative autonomy account the state has legitimate interests to limit our reproductive choices correct answer: - False A fertility treatment method used to deliver sperm directly to the cervix or uterus in the hope of getting pregnant is called: correct answer: - • artificial insemination Euthanasia that involves someone allowing (by acting or omitting an action) someone to die, is called: correct answer: - passive euthanasia Euthanasia is: correct answer: - doing something to bring about another's dead (killing or letting die) with the intention that the person die because the death is in the best interests of the person who will die Non- voluntary euthonsia is legal in several countries in europe: correct answer: - False There is no difference between assisted suicide and euthanasia. correct answer: - false Euthanasia involves someone doing something to bring about another's death (killing or letting die) with the intention that the person die because the death is in the best interests of the person who will die. correct answer: - true The very word "euthanasia" means "easy death". correct answer: - True In the countries where assisted dying is legal, it is available only to adults. correct answer: - false Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland. correct answer: - true Euthanasia is legal in several states of the USA. correct answer: - false Suicide involves someone ending his/her life, intending his/her death either as an end itself or as a means to some further end. correct answer: - True Euthanasia involves someone ending his/her life, intending his/her death either as an end itself or as a means to some further end. correct answer: - False Non-voluntary euthanasia is legal in several European countries. correct answer: - False It is argued that we should accept the opt-in system, because the data suggests that in countries with opt-out systems, many people who would have wanted to donate do not end up donating. correct answer: - false In the opt-in system patients become organ donors if they are eligible to do so unless they have made an active decision that they do not wish to donate organs. correct answer: - false In the opt-out system patients become organ donors if they are eligible to do so unless they have made an active decision that they do not wish to donate organs. correct answer: - true In the opt-out system patients become organ donors through an active decision during life correct answer: - false In the opt-in system patients become organ donors through an active decision during life. correct answer: - true It is argued that we should accept opt-in system, because countries with opt-in donation systems have higher donation rates on average. correct answer: - False It is argued, that we should accept opt-out system, because the data suggests, that in the countries with opt-in system, many people who would have wanted to donate do not end up donating. correct answer: - true The so-called 'dead donor rule' means, that the organ donors usually die after donating a life critical organ. correct answer: - False We should not accept opt-out system, because the change to an opt-out system might lead to a backlash, with paradoxical reduced rates of consent to donation. correct answer: - true In the opt-in system patients become organ donors through an active decision during life. correct answer: - True Brain death is: correct answer: - • irreversible cessation of functioning in the brain as a whole First come, first saved is an example of maximizing benefits. correct answer: - false How much of the national budget should be devoted to healthcare as opposed to, say, roads, the arts, public housing, etc? This is a question at the level of micro-allocation correct answer: - false Youngest first is an example of treating people equally correct answer: - false How much of the national budget should be devoted to healthcare as opposed to, say, roads, the arts, public housing, etc? This is a question at the level of macro-allocation. correct answer: - True How much of the national budget should be devoted to healthcare as opposed to, say, roads, the arts, public housing, etc? This is a question at the level of micro-allocation. correct answer: - false First come, first saved is an example of favoring the worst-off. correct answer: - False How much of the healthcare budget should be spend on different areas within healthcare? This is a question at the level of micro-allocation. correct answer: - False Lottery is an example of favoring the worst-off. correct answer: - False Lottery is an example of treating people equally. correct answer: - True How much of the national budget should be devoted to healthcare as opposed to, say, roads, the arts, public housing, etc? This is a question at the level of macro-allocation. correct answer: - True How much of the healthcare budget should be spend on different areas within healthcare? This is a question at the level of macro-allocation. correct answer: - true - Youngest first is an example of maximizing benefits. correct answer: - False If not enough resources are available to treat or save everyone within particular areas of medicine, who should, for example, have access to the last intensive care bed, or be the recipient of a donor heart, and who should miss out? This is a question at the level of micro-allocation. correct answer: - true The Nurnberg code was accepted by wester scientists and used in research straight from its introduction. correct answer: - false Fabrication in research is committed when a researcher simply invents data to prove his or her theory. correct answer: - true Independent review of the research protocol is necessary only in particular cases correct answer: - false Fabrication in research is committed when a researcher manipulates data to fit a theory. correct answer: - false Falsification in research is committed when a researcher manipulates data to fit a theory. correct answer: - true Independent review of the research protocol is necessary only in particular cases correct answer: - false In therapeutic experiments the benefits are expected to be enjoyed by the subjects themselves. correct answer: - true Placebo use in clinical trials can cause no harm to the participants. correct answer: - false Research ethics committees have to ensure, that research has scientific validity. correct answer: - True Stockholm Declaration is one of the most important of codes research ethics . correct answer: - False The doctrine of informed consent is largely a creation of various court judgements. correct answer: - true The doctrine of informed consent ultimately rests on a moral foundation. correct answer: - true For a patient to be capable of giving informed consent it is enough that she is competent. correct answer: - false Autonomy is not the only thing of value and some other values sometimes take precedence over autonomy correct answer: - false If a patient disagrees with a health care practitioner, it indicates that a patient is not competent. correct answer: - false For a patient to be capable of giving informed consent it is enough that she gives consent freely. correct answer: - false What is medically best is always identical to what is best all things considered. correct answer: - false Paternalistic health care practices always respected person's interest in deciding for herself what would be best for her all things considered. correct answer: - false The doctrine of informed consent ultimately rests on a moral foundation. correct answer: - true The professional practice standard was held to be inadequate because it failed to respect patient self-determination. correct answer: - true Paternalistic health care practices always respected person's interest in deciding for herself what would be best for her all things considered. correct answer: - false Paternalistic health care practices placed a person's health-care interests ahead of her interest as an autonomous agent in deciding for herself what would be best for her, all things considered. correct answer: - True If consent results from coercion, manipulation, or undue influence, it still can be considered a genuine authorization as long as the patient is given full information and understands and appreciates that information. correct answer: - False If consent results from coercion, manipulation, or undue influence, it cannot be considered a genuine authorization even if the patient is given full information and understands and appreciates that information. correct answer: - True For a patient to be capable of giving informed consent it is enough that she is competent. correct answer: - False The use of gene therapy raises issues about reproductive autonomy. correct answer: - true Germline therapy is considered to raise new issues of principle, primarily because it will affect future generations who have not consented to it. correct answer: - true The distinction between somatic and germline therapy is always clear-cut. correct answer: - false Genes may predispose, but not determine, a person to develop a multifactorial condition in certain contexts. correct answer: - true Somatic therapy is directed only at somatic cells. correct answer: - true Germline therapy targets reproductive cells. correct answer: - true The distinction between therapy and enhancement is not entirely clear. correct answer: - true One of the concerns raised by gene therapy is that the use if this technology will reinforce the differences between wealthy and the poor. correct answer: - True The distinction between therapy and enhancement is not entirely clear. correct answer: - True The distinction between somatic and germline therapy is not always clear-cut. correct answer: - True Germline therapy is considered to raise new issues of principle, primarily because it will affect future generations who have not consented to it. correct answer: - True The precautionary principle is used to argue against enhancement correct answer: - true Genetic liberation is defined as a liberation from genetic constrains that evolution has placed on us correct answer: - true Positional goods are goods that we value principally because they give us advantage over others. correct answer: - true The position of liberal eugenics claims that enhancement is morally neutral and should be legally permitted. correct answer: - true The position of liberal eugenics claims that enhancement is morally wrong and should be legally impermissible. correct answer: - false On the welfarist account of enhancement medical treatment of disease might be counted as an enhancement. correct answer: - true Biological liberation is defined as a liberation from biological constrains evolution has placed on us. correct answer: - true High stature is an example of a positional good. - True correct answer: - True All purpose goods are goods that we value principally because they give us advantage over others. correct answer: - False Bounded goods are features that cannot be improved indefinitely. - True correct answer: - True Bounded goods are features that can be improved indefinitely. correct answer: - false Memory is an example of an all purpose good. correct answer: - true On the welfarist account of enhancement medical treatment cannot be counted as an enhancement. correct answer: - False The precautionary principle is used to argue against enhancement. correct answer: - True The arguments against use of animals in research have influenced legislation regulating animal research in many countries. correct answer: - true R. G. Frey has argued that animals do not feel pain. correct answer: - false In his book "Animal Liberation" Peter Singer challenged the moral justification of a great deal of animal use correct answer: - true In his book "Animal Liberation" Peter Carruthers challenged the moral justification of a great deal of animal use. correct answer: - false Contemporary research has confirmed that people who cruelly abuse animals are more likely to abuse people as well. - true correct answer: - true The arguments against use of animals in research have influenced legislation regulating animal research in many countries. correct answer: - true Good deal of research using animals fails to meet the criterion that such research is justified only if it es expected to provide more benefit than harm. correct answer: - True Peter Carruthers and Peter Harrison argue that animals are incapable to feel pain. correct answer: - True Tom Wolfle has argued that animals used in research probably suffer more from the ways in which they are kept for research than from the invasive manipulation they are exposed to within research. correct answer: - true Philosophers have shown that the standard reasons offered to exclude animals from the moral circle usually do not meet the test of moral significance. correct answer: - true Factory farming strengthened symbiotic husbandry-based agriculture. correct answer: - false According to Carruthers, morality is a set of rules derived from what rational beings would rationally choose to govern their interactions with one another in a social environment. correct answer: - True Philosophers have shown that the standard reasons offered to exclude animals from the moral circle usually do not meet the test of moral significance. correct answer: - True 29. According to the "higher brain" criterion patients in a persistent vegetative: correct answer: - Are dead