Lifespan Development (Ch. 1-6) Questions With Complete Solutions

What does Developmental Science examine? correct answer: The constancy and change throughout the lifespan The hereditary information received from our parents correct answer: Nature The forces of the physical and social work that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth correct answer: Nurture Being open to change in response to influential experiences correct answer: Plasticity Events that are related to age and fairly predictable when they occur correct answer: Age-graded influences Explain why people who are born around the same time are alike correct answer: history graded influences Events that are not predictable and just happen to one or a few people correct answer: Non-normative influences Freud's 5 psychosexual stages correct answer: 1) oral (Birth-1 yr) 2) anal (1-3 yrs) 3) phallic (3-6 yrs) 4) latency (6-11 yrs) 5) genital (adolescence) Erikson's psychosocial stages correct answer: Birth-1 yr: basic trust and mistrust 1-3 yrs: autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3-6 yrs: initiative vs. guilt 6-11 yrs: industry vs. inferiority Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion A learned process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired correct answer: Classical conditioning A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences correct answer: Operant conditioning Piaget's 4 Stages of Development correct answer: 1) Sensorimotor 2) Preoperational 3) Concrete operational 4) Formal operational This theory says that information is presented to the senses at input and emerges as a behavioral response at output where the information is organized correct answer: Information processing theory Culture and interaction are characteristics of this theory correct answer: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory This theory views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment correct answer: Ecological Systems Theory The innermost level of the environment correct answer: Microsystem second level and encompasses connections between microsystems correct answer: Mesosystem consists of social setting that do not contain the developing person correct answer: Exosystem consists of cultural values, laws, customs and resources correct answer: Macrosystem The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development correct answer: Resiliency Commonly referred to as fraternal twins as a result of the release and fertilization of two ova correct answer: Dizygotic twins Forms of reproductive technologies correct answer: -donor insemination -in vitro fertilization -surrogate motherhood a procedure when a small needle is put through the abdomen and a fluid sample is taken to measure genetic defects correct answer: Amniocentesis a procedure that uses high frequency waves to see a picture of the internal uterus, which allows a doctor to see fetal age, position, and physical defects correct answer: Ultrasound Why is genetic testing done? correct answer: To measure what genetic defects run in your family When is genetic testing recommended? correct answer: It is recommended to be done before having a baby or when one needs to determine a family's medical history 4 environmental factors that impact development... correct answer: -Friends -Neighbors -School -Workplace 3 factors that constitute someone's socioeconomic status (SES)... correct answer: -Years of education -Prestige of one's job and the skills it requires -Income which measure SES How does SES impact family functioning? correct answer: Timing of when to get married, parenting styles, and the size of a family Explain gene-environment interaction correct answer: Genes effect the environment to which we are exposed (ex. if parents are active and engaged in sports, they are more likely to play activities with their kids outside) the development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all of the levels of the environment correct answer: Epigenetic framework limited time span in which a part of the body or a behavior is biologically prepared to develop rapidly and is especially sensitive to its surroundings correct answer: Sensitive period List maternal factors that affect the development of the fetus correct answer: -prescription/nonprescription drugs, illegal drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, environmental pollution, infectious disease, nutrition, emotional stress, Rh factor incompatibility, maternal age List the 3 Stages of birth correct answer: 1) Dilation and effacement of the cervix 2) Delivery of the baby 3) Delivery of the placenta What does the APGAR scale measure? correct answer: newborn's physical condition What medical interventions are available during birth? correct answer: Fetal monitoring, labor and delivery medication, and cesarean delivery Those born several weeks or more before their due date correct answer: Preterm infants Those that are below their expected weight considering length of the pregnancy correct answer: Small for date infants Characteristics of newborn hearing correct answer: able to hear a wide variety of sounds, sensitivity improves over the first few months Characteristics of newborn vision correct answer: visual structures in both the eye and brain are not fully developed, newborns cannot focus their eyes well, and visual acuity (fineness) is limited Characteristics of newborn taste/smell correct answer: cannot tell different types of tastes and smells New parents have to adjust to.... correct answer: hormones cause production of milk in mothers and parents have to adjust to feeding a baby, changing diapers, and not getting full nights of sleep The head develops quicker than the rest of the body during the prenatal period correct answer: Cephalocaudal Trend This is the ability for the brain to grow and expand as people develop and learn correct answer: brain plasticity youths brain developing based on ordinary experiences through the environment correct answer: Experience-expectant growth occurs throughout life, additional knowledge gained through specific experiences. correct answer: Experience-dependent growth benefits to breast feeding correct answer: It provides a balance of fat and protein, ensures nutritional, ensures healthy physical growth, and protects against diseases What factors impact an infant/toddler's motor development? correct answer: Culture, environment and the parental enforcement What developments are taking place in terms of hearing/ language development? correct answer: Musical phrasing, they start to organize sound into patterns. They start to recognize familiar words and form words with their mouth. They start to learn meanings before actually speaking How is vision improving in infancy? correct answer: They are starting to have depth perception Building schemes through direct interaction with the environment correct answer: Adaptation Use our current schemes to interpret the external world correct answer: Assimilation Create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do no capture the environment completely correct answer: Accommodation The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight correct answer: Object permanence When does object permanence develop? correct answer: 4-5 months old This explains that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge correct answer: Core knowledge perspective Information processing focuses on... correct answer: Attention, memory, and categorization refers to a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of more skilled partners correct answer: Vygotsky's zone of proximal development Characteristics of developmentally appropriate child care centers correct answer: Physical setting, toys and equipment, caregiver to child ratio, daily activities Factors responsible for differences in language development correct answer: -Toddler temperament -Quantity of caregiver-child conversation and richness of adults' vocabularies -Home environment (whether the toddler grows up in a low-SES) What psychosocial stages are infants and toddlers dealing with? correct answer: Basic trust vs. mistrust. Also, shame vs. doubt. List 5 self conscious emotions and note what age they emerge correct answer: Happiness- 3-4 months Anger 4-6 months Sadness 4-6 months Fear and surprise 6 months This is actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation. correct answer: social referencing When does a child's temperament become solidified? correct answer: 2 ½ -3 years of age What factors could impact temperament? correct answer: Genetics and the environment 5 types of attachments correct answer: -Secure Attachment -Avoidant Attachment -Resistant Attachment -Disorganized/disoriented attachment Which type of attachment is most prevalent? correct answer: Secure attachment What factors impact attachment? correct answer: -Early availability of a consistent caregiver -Quality of caregiving -Infant characteristics -Family context (parents' internal working models) Can children have multiple attachments? correct answer: Yes What are the 3 stages of development? correct answer: -Self-awareness: first few months -Categorizing the self: 18-30 months -Self-control: 12-18 months the self-regulatory dimension of temperament, involving the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response correct answer: effortful control When does effortful control develop? correct answer: 1 ½ and 3 years old How can adults help toddlers develop self control and increase compliance? correct answer: Adults can help toddlers develop self control and increase compliance by modeling patient, nonimpulsive behavior