AP Psych Lifespan Development Questions With Complete Solutions

zygote correct answer: a fertilized egg it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into the embryo Z-E-F embryo correct answer: the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. Z-E-F fetus correct answer: the developing organism from the end of the eighth week until birth Z-E-F teratogens correct answer: agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) correct answer: Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. *type of teratogens* rooting reflex correct answer: a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple. habituation correct answer: Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. ex: if you hang a toy in front of a baby's face for a short period of time, the baby will first be interested in the toy, but then lose interest because it's the same stimulus. maturation correct answer: biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively *uninfluenced by experience* motor development schema correct answer: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information identical twins correct answer: twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms fraternal twins correct answer: twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. nature and nurture correct answer: whether the intelligence of children is influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding continuity and stages correct answer: This focus looks at our development - to determine if it is gradual, a continuous process or a sequence of separate stages stability and change correct answer: cross-sectional study correct answer: a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another DIFFERENT AGES in study longitudinal study correct answer: study over a LONG time A research approach that follows a group of people over time to determine change or stability in behavior. ex: Genie grasping reflex correct answer: an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand startle reflex correct answer: response that one makes after a sudden, unexpected loud noise or similar sudden stimulus plantar reflex correct answer: (Babinski sign) curling toes down when sole of foot is stimulated, normal in adults Babinski ->Big toes curls Moro reflex correct answer: Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment Moro-> Morons would do this to their baby puberty correct answer: Sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible primary sex characteristics correct answer: the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that *make sexual reproduction possible* secondary sex characteristics correct answer: nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair menarche correct answer: first menstrual period menopause correct answer: Cessation of menstrual periods owing to a lack of ovarian hormones Alzheimer's disease correct answer: an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning the hippocampus that creates new memories and the hypothalamus with old memories assimilation correct answer: According to Piaget, the process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors aSSimilation Same Stuff (ppl tried to assimilate the indians-- make the indians act and look like americans) accommodation correct answer: Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. aCCommodation -> CHANGES YOUR SCHEMA LEARNING NEW THINGS egocentrism correct answer: in Piaget's theory, the *preoperational* child's difficulty taking another's point of view big EGO -> only thinking about their point of view artificialism correct answer: Form of thought where children tend to believe that everything is the product of human creation. ARTIFICIAL -> fake-> man made animism correct answer: Life to inanimate things Animism-> "animate" and children think that inanimate objects are alive conservation correct answer: Ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or physically, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume develops during the concrete operational stage reversibility correct answer: Reversibility A mental process that allows for a reversal in chain of events of the original condition ex: When a ball deflates the child understands air can be put back in it and the child can play with it again. imaginary audience correct answer: A cognitive distortion experienced by adolescents, in which they see themselves as always "on stage" with an audience watching personal fable correct answer: type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm theory of mind correct answer: *able to take on perspectives of others* OPPOSITE with egocentrism concrete operational stage ppl with austim usually struggle with this Lev Vygotsky's theory correct answer: this theory is the difference between what a learner can do with help and what they can do without help. autism correct answer: a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind struggle w Theory of Mind Lawrence Kohlberg correct answer: Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment Preconventional ‐Avoid Punishment ‐Gain reward Conventional ‐Gain approval ‐Obey rules Post Conventional ‐Mutual agreement based on common good ‐Universal principle that precedes over social rules preconventional morality correct answer: first level of Kohlberg's stages (preschool and grade school) of *moral development* in which the child's behavior is governed by the *consequences of the behavior* - automatic obedience to avoid punishment conventional morality correct answer: second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior COneventional-> Caring about COps (behavior of society) postconventional morality correct answer: third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms Carol Gilligan correct answer: Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships Carol =girl name Gill= boy name *the diff between the girl and boys moral sense crystallized intelligence correct answer: One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age crystals grow over the YEARS fluid intelligence correct answer: cognitive abilities requiring speed or rapid learning that tends to diminish with age ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns "street smart" Harry Harlow correct answer: ; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers) contact comfort correct answer: (Harlow) Research with Rhesus monkeys indicated that an infant's attachment is due to pleasant tactile sensations provided by a soft cuddly parent (caregiver) = safety critical period correct answer: an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experience produces proper development imprinting correct answer: The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. Mary Ainsworth correct answer: developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment strange situation test correct answer: *Ainsworth* tested for her research studies of attachment. A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment secure attachment style correct answer: insecure anxious att. style correct answer: insecure avoidant att. style correct answer: self-concept correct answer: a sense of one's identity and personal worth operational stage authoritative correct answer: authority= someone who enforces with meaning/purpose authoritarian correct answer: very strict Like a dictator permissive correct answer: describes a parenting style that is characterized by the parent making *few demands on the child* neglecting correct answer: to pay no attention or too little attention to; disregard basic trust correct answer: ERIK ERIKSON period of infancy in the first years of life where children who are loved and cared for develop trust and security. ERIk ERIKSON theory correct answer: trust vs. mistrust correct answer: infant- 1yr A conflict infants have during their first stage of social development during which they have trouble trusting the world around them as a predictable place. autonomy vs. shame & doubt correct answer: 1-3 yrs. independence success=autonomy Failure=doubt and shame exert control, exercise choice and self restraint initiative vs. guilt correct answer: 3-6yrs. Sense of purpose,power, environment. Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities industry vs. inferiority correct answer: 6-12 yrs, good: competence, exercise his/her abilities and intelligence in the world, be able to affect world in the way that the child desires *self-confidence* identity vs. role confusion correct answer: adolescence - 12 to 19yrs - adolescents try to figure out "who am I?" They establish sexual, ethnic, and career identities or are confused about what future roles to play intimacy vs. isolation correct answer: 19- 25 yrs. Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families and work on career goals. generativity vs. stagnation correct answer: 20-40yrs According to Erikson, the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society. **may feel a lack of purpose-- try and bring positive changes to their life integrity vs. despair correct answer: Did I live a meaningful life? Reflecting back on life Wisdom Imminent Death ‐> last stage identity achievement correct answer: Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as an individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans who am i? in identity vs. role confusion stage moratorium correct answer: identity crisis Mortstorium-> MIDDLE of crisis foreclosure correct answer: Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parent's or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning and analysis not personal identity--> based on others *F*oreclosure--> *F*orgetting about your own beliefs/ideas identify diffusion correct answer: An identity status characterizing individuals who are not questioning who they are and have *not yet committed themselves to an identity* midlife crisis correct answer: A supposed period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actually had more to do with developmental history than with chronological age social clock correct answer: the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement SOCIETY timing of SOCIAL EVENTS stages of grief correct answer: The 5 stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance *DABDA* denial correct answer: Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities anger correct answer: bargaining correct answer: What stage of grieving occurs when the potential loss has been accepted, but the person makes deals to get more time? depression correct answer: A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness acceptance correct answer: 5th Stage of Grief gender vs. sex correct answer: Gender role identity is a state of mind as well as body; biological gender does not totally determine whether he or she will exhibit sex-typed traits gender roles correct answer: attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex gender identity correct answer: one's sense of being male or female social learning theory correct answer: The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished gender schema theory correct answer: the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly Cognitive Development stages piaget correct answer: Some Pigs Can Fly Others Eat Canned Ham Sensorimotor stage----- Object Permanence Preoperational stage--- Egocentrism Concrete operational -- Conservation formal operational------ Hypothetial Reasoning Sensorimotor stage Piaget's theory correct answer: birth- 2 years object permanence, stranger anxiety develop sensory impressions and motor skills Preoperational stage Piaget's theory correct answer: 2-7 years Egocentrism, animistic thought, centration a child learns to use language but does *not* yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic Concrete operational Piaget's theory correct answer: 7-12 years children gain the mental operations that enable them to *think logically* about concrete events CONCRETE-- hard to change mental operations Formal operational Piaget's theory correct answer: 14- adult hypothetical reasoning cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts object permanence correct answer: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived stranger anxiety correct answer: the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age