Praxis 5005 Science: Life Science (2023/2024) Already Graded A

Praxis 5005 Science: Life Science (2023/2024) Already Graded A Cell Theory 1)all cells arise from preexisting cells 2)all living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells 3)Cells are the basic unit of structure and function 2 Types of Cells 1) Prokaryotes - single-celled called bacteria 2) Eukaryotes - many cells with membrane-bound nucleus cell anatomy 1) cell membrane - door 2) nucleus - Control center (DNA) 3) Ribosome - production of protein; made by nucleolus 4) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - transports proteins 5) Golgi Body- (folded membranes) -storage, packaging, and distribution of protein 6) Mitochondria - Site of energy production 7) Lysosomes - Digestive enzymes 8-10) are unique to Plants 8) Cell Wall- protective covering for the cell membrane 9) Chloroplasts - Photosynthesis occurs here 10) Central Vacuole - water storage spot for the cell Cell membrane good things in; waste out Marker Proteins - serves as "address sign" for the cell Endocytosis - Capture good things Exocytosis- Release bad things Nucleus Located within cytoplasm and protected by lipid bilayer membrane Nucleoplasm- Surrounds, supports, and protects the genetic code Chromatin- contains histones, proteins, and DNA double helix Nucleolus- makes ribonsomal RNA Ribosomes 2 Types: 1) Free 2) Attached Translation - process used to make protein ER 2 Types: 1) Rough - attached to membrane lining 2) Smooth - not attached Mitochondria process by which cells harvest energy from food in the form of ATP. Cell Cycle - 3 STAGES: Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis Interphase (longest phase) 3 phases: 1) Growth(G1), Synthesis (makes DNA) (S), 2nd Growth(G2) Mitosis Process by which the nucleus divides into two indentical nuclei in preparation for cytokinesis; creates sex cells in preparation for sexual reproduction. 4 phases: 1) Prophase (longest) -Chromosomes become visible, 2) Metaphase (shortest)- spindle fibers orient, 3) Anaphase- equal separation and distribution of chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell, 4) Telophase (opposite of prophase)- cells complete migration to opposite sides of the cell and uncoil; opposite of prophase. Cytokinesis Final Stage - cell divides to form two daughter cells Meiosis creation of sex cell for sexual reproduction; halves chromosomes in a gamete so that when gametes combine, the normal chromosome number is restored Bioenergetics Energy flowing through living systems 1)Endergonic - energy released 2)Exergonic - energy created Photosythesis process that produces food energy for most life forms; Endergonic reaction 2 Stages - Light reaction and Dark reaction Metabolism biochemical reaction; cells receive most of their energy this way Cellular Respiration (combustion reaction) cells harvest the energy of organic compound, if oxygen is needed (aerobic), if oxygen is not needed (anaerobic) Fermentation anaerobic cellular respiration that occurs when there is no oxygen present, usually performed by Prokaryotes DNA Blueprint of the cell; contains genetic information Contains TWO nucleotides that create double helix Holds template for making proteins Nucleotide