Praxis 5001 Reading (2023/2024) Already Graded A

Praxis 5001 Reading (2023/2024) Already Graded A Phonological Awareness is the understanding of how sounds, syllables, words and word parts can be orally manipulated to break apart words, make new words and create rhymes Phonemic Awareness is a type of phonological awareness that focuses on the sounds in a language. it is the understanding of how each small unit of sound, forms the language by creating differences in the meaning of the words Phoneme small unit of sound ex. /m/ and /s/ 44 There are _________ phonemes in the English Language Digraph two consonants, when combined make a certain sound and one sound is heard ex. /sh/ and /ng/ Dipthong two vowels, when combined make a certain sound and not necessarily the sound of either vowel is present ex. /io/ and /oo/ Phoneme Blending is combining phonemes to make a word ex. /m/ + /a/ + /t/ combines to form mat Phoneme Substitution is the replacement of phonemes in words to make new words ex. removing the /m/ from the beginning of the word mat and replacing it with /s/ to make sat Phoneme Segmentation is separating phonemes in words ex. separating the sounds in the word mat isolates the phonemes /m/, /a/, /t/ Phoneme Deletion phonemes are removed from words to make new words ex. removing /m/ from mat leaves the word at Syllable phonological units composed of onsets and rimes that can be blended, substituted, segmented, and deleted like phonemes Onset the beginning consonant or consonant blend of a syllable ex. /bl/ in block is the ____ Rime a syllable's vowel and its remaining consonants (not including the onset) ex. /-ock/ in block is the ____ Phonics is the study of the relationship between the spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those sounds or letter-sound correspondence Letter-Sound Correspondence the relationship between the spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those sounds High Frequency Letter-Sound Correspondences letter-sound correspondences that occur most often in the English Language VC (vowel-consonant) VCC (vowel-consonant-consonant) CVCC (consonant-vowel-consonant-consonant) CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) Sight Words words that are repeated most often in text, are taught in conjunction with phonics. these are words that students need to learn to recognize by sight ex. a, in, the, at I Roots the basis of many words in the English language, typically derived from Latin or Greek Affixes added to the words or roots to change their meanings; include prefixes and suffixes Prefix added to the beginning of a word or root Suffix added to the end of a word or root Fluency the ability to speech or write in a language easily and accurately Accuracy the quality or state of being correct or precise Prosody the range of vocal expressions a reader uses when reading aloud, including rhythm, intonation, and stress patterns Stages of Language Acquisition preproduction, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, and advanced fluency Levels of Language Proficiency L1) Entering, L2) Beginning, L3) Developing, L4) Expanding, L5) Bridging Theme the basic idea that the author wants to convey in a literary text Moral the lesson the author intends to teach the reader in a literary text Central Idea the basic underlying idea of informational text Inferences conclusions about what an author suggests in a test based on context clues Summarization distilling and condensing a text into its main idea and key details by identifying story elements Story Elements setting, plot development, character analysis, etc Setting where a story takes place Plot Development the exposition, rising action, problem/climax, falling action, and resolution Character Analysis understanding the role of a character in a story via the character's actions, traits, relationships, and personality Genre type of a text (poetry, drama, picture book, graphic novel fairy tale, tall tale, historical fiction science fiction). Protagonist main character in the story Antagonist character or group of characters in opposition with the main character Dynamic Character a character that undergoes and important inner change Static Character a character that does not undergo any important change Exposition explanation of an idea or theory Rising Action series of relevant incidents that create suspense Problem/Climax the most intense/important part of something Falling Action part after the climax but before the end Resolution action of solving a problem Rhyme Scheme rhyme pattern in a poem; may be represented as letters (abab, aabb, aabba) Meter the basic rhythmic structure of the lines or versus in poetry First-Person one character tells the story from his or her direct experience using pronouns such as (I, my, mine and we) Second-Person a narrative perspective from an external "you" whether that be the reader or unknown other Third-Person Objective a narrative perspective in which a detached narrator relates the actions and dialogue of the story, but not the thoughts or feelings of any characters Third-Person Limited Omniscient a narrative perspective in which a detached narrator tells the story from one character's point of view, including that character;s internal thoughts and feelings Third-Person Omniscient a narrative perspective in which a detached and all-knowing narrator tells the story from the point of view of all of the characters, including all of their thoughts and feelings Sidebars boxes of explanatory or additional information set aside from main text Text Features supplemental information outside of the main text such as chapter headings, titles, sidebars Text Structure organizational structures like cause and effect, problem and solution, sequence of events, or steps-in-a-process, compare and contrast and description Text Leveling complexity of text as determined by quantitative measures, qualitative measures, and reader and task considerations Quantitative Measures contributors to text leveling that include readability scores determined by computer algorithms that evaluate text elements such as word frequency and sentence length Qualitative Measures contributors to text leveling that include analysis of text elements such as structure, language clarity, and knowledge demands Reader and Task Considerations matching texts to particular students, classes, and/or tasks bed on their inherent needs as determined by the professional judgement of educators Audience the reader/readers Expository Writing a writing style that explains an idea or concept or informs the reader about the topic Narrative Writing a writing style that tells a personal or fictional story that entertains the reader Descriptive Writing a writing style that emphasizes the production of imagery using words and figurative language that appeal to the reader's five senses Persuasive Writing a writing style that convinces, or persuades, a reader to subscribe to the author's opinion or point of view (often used for speeches and advertisements) Narrative Poems poems that tell stories Five Key Stages of Writing prewriting, drafting, revising/editing, rewriting, and publishing Paraphrase briefly restating information in one's own words Plagiarism intentionally copying and taking credit for another person's work Citations identification of original sources of outside information Primary Sources original materials representative of an event, experience, place, or time period Secondary Sources sources that inform about events, experiences, places, or time periods using primary sources but that were not directly involved in the event in any way Reliable Sources trustworthy materials that come from experts in the field of study Unreliable Sources untrustworthy materials from a person or institution that doe nor have the educational background, expertise, or evidence of legitimate sources to support a claim Credibility proof of the reliability of a source Noun person, place, or thing Verb an action Adjective a descriptive word Adverb a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, Preposition a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in "the man on the platform," "she arrived after dinner," "what did you do it for ?" Pronoun a word that can function by itself as a noun phrase and that refers either to the participants in the discourse (e.g., I, you ) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (e.g., she, it, this ) Simple Sentence a sentence that contains a subject, verb, and a completed thought Compound Sentence a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or simple sentences) Complex Sentence a sentence made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses Independent Clause is a clause that can stand by itself as a simple sentence. An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate and makes sense by itself. Dependent Clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. It does not express a complete thought so it is not a sentence and can't stand alone. These clauses include adverb clauses, adjective clauses and noun clauses. Subordinate Clause a clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause (e.g., "when it rang" in "she answered the phone when it rang"). Relative Clause clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Compound-Complex Sentence a sentence that has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses Modifiers words of phrases that change the meanings of or add details to other words or phrases in a sentence Misplaced Modifiers a modifier that causes confusion because it does not modify its intended word or phrase Dangling Modifiers is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence Mechanics the convention of print that are nor necessary in spoken language, such as punctuation, capitalization, and indentation (spelling is a component but is treated as a separate category in elementary school) Punctuation periods, commas, question marks, exclamation marks, and other markings that divide text or help a reader know when to change pace or read with inflection Syntax the grammatical formations and patterns of sentences Literal the most basic or exact meaning of a word Usage common rules for how language is used under certain conditions or within particular systems Morpheme smallest units of language that contain meaning Dialect language that is particular to a geographical location or consolidated social group Register particular styles of language determined by purpose, audience, and social context Academic Language language used in formal settings and academic writing Conversational Language familiar and informal language Figurative Language language that conveys images and ideas separate from the actual meanings of the word used Connotation the intended meaning of a word beyond its literal meaning Simile a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid Metaphor a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. Personification the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form. Onomatopoeia the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named Hyperbole exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. Alliteration the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Tone the attitude of the text Active Listening listening that is focused and empathetic Advanced Fluency Stage of Language Acquisition learners demonstrate near-native ability and use complex, multi-phrase and multi-clause sentences to convey their ideas Analyzing Text Organization analyzing how a text is organized in order to better comprehend an author's purpose for writing Denotation the literal meaning of a word Silent Period the preproduction stage of language acquisition Speech Emergence Stage of Language Acquisition learners can chunk simple words and phrases into sentences that may or may not be grammatically correct and can understand simple readings when reinforced by graphics or pictures Structural Analysis an analysis of the roots and affixes of words Writing Styles specific types of writing that convey the author's purpose for writing - to explain, to entertain, to describe, or to persuade Preproduction Stage of Language Acquisition the silent period; learners refrain from speaking but will listen, may copy words down, and can respond to visual cues Reading Accuracy the ability to recognize or decode words correctly Readting Rate the speed and fluidity with which a reader can read Grammar the way parts of speech work together in sentences and how words are grouped to make meaning such as in phrases or clauses Identifying Point of View using genre and pronoun clues to identify who is telling a story to best form accurate conclusion about the events in the story Intermediate Fluency Stage of Language Acquisition learners are able to speak in more complex sentences and catch and correct many of their errors Early Production Stage of Language Acquisition learners produce single-word and two-to-three word phrases and can respond to questions and statements