Praxis II 5038 Writing, Speaking, and Listening I Already Graded A

Praxis II 5038 Writing, Speaking, and Listening I Already Graded A Narrative writing tells a story. The writer introduces different characters and a setting to the readers, while keeping his or her own voice silent; present a problem that is played out and eventually solved. One of the most common examples is a movie script, but are also frequently used in short stories as well. Expository writing where the author intends to inform, explain, describe or define their subject to you. This is the most common type of writing you will find in text books and online. E.g. "How-to" articles, where the author is explaining how to build or do something yourself. Persuasive writing It calls for reasons and examples which will convince the reader to agree with the author of the text. An example of this is often seen in newspaper and magazine columns, or in political speeches. You know all of those commercials you see on television? Behind all the talk and messages is this type of writer. Creative writing to entertain the reader. Short stories, poetry, novels and plays often fall into this category. It doesn't necessarily need to follow any line of facts, just as long as it's interesting to read. Descriptive writing To describe a person, place, or event so that the topic can be clearly seen in the reader's mind. The writer must use vivid details that paint a picture for the reader. Argumentative writing primary purpose of making a statement that the reader will disagree with, then supporting the statement with specific details that will convince the reader of the truth of the statement Business writing Form of expository writing has a primary purpose of communicating with others in the work place. Comparison and contrast writing Form of expository writing has a primary purpose of showing the similarities and differences between two subjects. Expressive writing Form of creative writing has a primary purpose of sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings on the topic. Literary Response has a primary purpose of providing a personal reaction to a piece of literature. Personal narrative writing form of narrative writing has a primary purpose of sharing an experience or event from the author's own life. Process writing form of expository writing has a primary purpose of explaining the steps or procedure of something. Reaction writing form of expository writing has a primary purpose of providing a personal response to something. Research writing form of expository writing has a primary purpose of reporting new information that has been learned by studying available resources. Technical writing form of expository writing has a primary purpose of conveying technical information in a simple, no-nonsense manner. Check the basic information about the source, author, year published, and publisher. This is the primary way to evaluate source materials (checking 4 things). Is there evidence of bias, conflict of interest or other agendas, and accuracy? Is the source peer-reviewed or edited by others? Have other works by this author proven to be credible and accurate? The writing style is factual, credible, and free of errors. I am the intended audience. How to check if the source is reliable. Is the coverage of the content thorough and accurate for your purposes? Have other people read the source and found it credible, accurate, and helpful? MLA Citation Salinger, J.D. (italic) The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945. APA Citation Salinger, J.D. (1945). (italic) The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown, and Company. Chronological order The writer shows order of time or the steps in a process. Classification The writer explains the relationships between terms or concepts. Illustration The topic sentence is stated and then followed by the details. Climax The details are stated first, followed by the topic sentence. Location The writer describes a person, place,or thing and organizes the description in a logical manner. Comparison The writer demonstrates similarities and differences between two or more subjects. Cause and effect The writer shows the relationship between events and their results. 5 characteristics of effective writing A clearly defined purpose, makes a definite point, supports the point with specific information, the information is clearly connected and arranged, and the words are appropriate, concise, and correct. First-person writing the writer is able to incorporate his own ideas into the story. Instead of just presenting the facts, the writer can let his own opinions come out in the writing. For example, it would have the word "I" worked in throughout the text. Journal a daily record of events or business; a private one is usually referred to as a diary a newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day Letter a form of written communication Essay generally scholarly pieces of writing written from an author's personal point of view, but the definition also connected with those of an article, a pamphlet and a short story. consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Speech the vocalized form of human communication. Blog a discussion or informational site published on the World Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post appears first) Conventions the surface features of writing — mechanics, usage, and sentence formation; are a courtesy to the reader, making writing easier to read by putting it in a form that the reader expects and is comfortable with. The proper place for teaching it is at the end of the writing process, Organization the logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text. Instruction in it focuses on two areas: text structures specific to the particular genre and the cohesive elements that tie clauses, sentences, and paragraphs together into a cohesive whole. Introduction Orients the reader to the purpose of the writing by introducing characters or setting (for narrative) or the topic, thesis, or argument (for expository writing). Also sets up expectations for the purpose, style, and mood of the piece. Middle of the text Has five basic organizational structures: sequence, description, cause and effect, compare and contrast, and problem and solution. Sequence time, numerical, or spatial order as the organizing structure. Some narrative genres that use a chronological structure are personal narrative genres (memoir, autobiographical incident, autobiography), imaginative story genres (fairy-tales, folktales, fantasy, science fiction), and realistic fiction genres. Narrative story structures include an initiating event, complicating actions that build to a high point, and a resolution. Description used to describe the characteristic features and events of a specific subject ("My Cat") or a general category ("Cats"). These reports may be arranged according to categories of related attributes, moving from general categories of features to specific attributes. Cause and effect structure structure is used to show causal relationships between events; organizes more sophisticated narratives as children become more adept at showing the relationship between events. Ending of a text depends on his or her purpose. When the purpose is to entertain, they may be happy or tragic, or a surprise may provide a twist. they can be circular, looping back to the beginning so readers end where they began, or they can leave the reader hanging, wishing for more. they can be deliberately ambiguous or ironic, designed to make the reader think, or they can explicitly state the moral of the story, telling the reader what to think. Strong ones for expository texts can summarize the highlights, restate the main points, or end with a final zinger statement to drive home the main point to the audience. Cohesion with elements such as transition words are the glue that holds these structural elements together. Transition words show the relationship between different sentences and ideas. Good writers use transition words that show causal and logical relationships between words, sentences and paragraphs, such as because and after. Organization guidelines Does your piece have a clear beginning, middle, and end? Does your piece have a strong beginning that hooks the reader? Does your piece have a strong ending that fits the focus? Are the ideas and actions connected to each other? Can your reader follow the piece logically from beginning to end? Is it complete? Does it feel finished?