Praxis 5038 Latest 2023 Already Graded A

Praxis 5038 Latest 2023 Already Graded A Phonetics The study of the sounds of language and their physical properties. Phonology The analysis of how sounds function in a language or dialect. Morphology The study of the structure of words Semantics The study of the meaning in language. Syntax The structure of the stucture of sentences. Pragmatics The role of context in interpreting meaning. Sociolinguistics The study of language as it relates to society, including race, class, gender, and age. Ethnolinguistics The study of language as it relates to culture; frequently associated with minority linguistic groups within the larger culture. Psycholinguistics The study of language as it relates to the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to learn language. Pidgins Contact languages. They are co-created and change between people who speak different languages but need some way to communicate to engage in trade or work. Creoles A pidgin becomes a creole when it is learned as a first language of a new generation of people. Etymology The study of the history and the origin of words. Portmanteau Words that have been melded together, such as Ebonics (ebony + phonics). Declarative sentence A sentence that makes a statement and tells about a person, place, thing, or idea. Interrogative sentence Asks a question. Imperative sentence Issues a command. Exclamatory sentence Communicates strong ideas or feelings. Conditional sentence Expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact. Simple sentence Can have a single subject or a compound subject and a single predicate or a compound predicate. Has only 1 independent clause and no dependent clauses. Compound sentence 2 independent clauses. They must be joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. Complex sentence 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses. Compound/complex sentence 2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses. Dangling modifier Word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. Example: Stuffed with dressing and surrounded by veggies, Grandma served the Thanksgiving turkey. Passive voice The grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient of the action denoted by the verb. Example: The basketball was shot by the player. Split infinitive Adverb sits between two parts of the infinitive form of a verb. Example: to meekly say Nominative case noun Can be the subject of a clause or the predicate noun when it follows the verb "to be." Possessive case noun Shows possession or ownership Objective case noun Can be a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition. Transitive verb Requires a direct object. Ex: The secondary English student (subject) LEARNS the methods of the master teacher (DI). Intransitive verb Requires no object or compliment. Ex: The airplane FLEW overhead. Linking or connecting verb Connects the subject and the subject compliment. Ex: It WAS rainy. Auxiliary or helping verb Comes before another verb. Ex: She MUST HAVE passed the Praxis test. Stages of the writing process Pre writing Drafting Revising Editing Publishing Evaluating PDREPE Writing Workshop structure Mini-lesson Status of the class Time for writing Sharing MTWS Discourse Systems of thought that systematically construct the subjects and worlds of which they speak. 4 general categories: Exposition Narration Description Argument Denouement The outcome or resolution of plot in a story. Reciprocal teaching A method in which two students take turns reading aloud, asking one another questions, clarifying understanding, and making predictions. ReQuest Reciprocal questioning--very similar to reciprocal teaching, but the teacher works with the whole class taking turns reading aloud, asking questions, clarifying understanding, and making predictions. Active reading Involves determining purpose for pre-reading, reading for understanding during reading, and then evaluating success post-reading. Example: high-lighting, writing connections in margins, pausing to check for understanding, paragraph shrinking, summarizing key points, etc. Anticipation guide Like a pre-test, although there are no right or wrong answers. Provides students with an opportunity to respond to and discuss a series of open-ended questions or opinions related to the reading. SQ3R Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review Participle Verb form that usually ends in -ing, or -ed. These operate as adjectives but also maintain some characteristics of verbs. Ex: barking dog, painted fence Gerund phrase Made up of a present participle and always functions as a noun. Ex: Gardening is a great hobby. Doublespeak Language that is meant to be evasive or to conceal. Ex: The company DOWNSIZED, so I lost my job. Local color The use of language and details that are common in specific regions of a country. Mark Twain and Henry James use this in their work to capture dialect, expressions, and routines of certain people in geographic locations. Idioms Expressions that are not easily understood through the literal meaning of the words. Ex: its raining cats and dogs. Exposition discourse Explains/describes Ex: definitions and comparative analysis of of ideas Narration discourse Drama, stories, folklore Description discourse Uses the senses to describe something. Argument discourse Debates/argues a topic in a logical way. Components of an argument Well-defined thesis and explanation for why the topic is important (exigence). Body paragraphs that include well-researched evidence to support thesis (warrants) and counterpoints and why these views are wrong Clear transitions Thoughtful inclusion of ethos, logos, and pathos Conclusion that advances the thesis based on the evidence provided Ad hominem Attacking the person in an argument, not the person's position. Positive interdependence Students encourage teammates to complete tasks well. Qualitative vs. Quantitative assessment Qualitative assesses the purpose of the text , structure and language conventions Quantitative assesses word length, sentence length, word frequency. Common measures are Lexile and Flesch-Kincaid Appositive Phrase a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. Infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. Participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is present, it will dependably end in ing. Always function as adjectives, adding description to the sentence.