IBCLC Exam Questions With Correct Answers

% of breastmilk that is carbohydrates - Answer Approximately 7% Wikipedia. % of breastmilk that is fat - Answer Approximately 4% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 50. % of breastmilk that is protein - Answer Approximately .8 - 1 % Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. % of calories in breastmilk from carbohydrates - Answer Approximately 40% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 69. % of calories in breastmilk from fat - Answer Approximately 50% Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 124. % of calories in breastmilk from protein - Answer Approximately 10% Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. Acinus - Answer Any of the small sacs or alveoli that terminate the ducts and are lined with secretory cells. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Available online: Acrocyanosis - Answer Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet in the newborn; peripheral cyanosis. Should not persist beyond 24 hours after birth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Active immunity - Answer Immunity conferred by the production of antibodies by one's own immune system. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Active transport - Answer Passage of drug into breastmilk assisted by components in breastmilk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 470. Acyclovir/Zovirax - Answer Antiviral used to treat herpes infections, L2. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Aerobic bacteria - Answer Bacteria requiring air for metabolic processes. The breast is colonized with this type of bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. AGA - Answer Appropriate for Gestational Age. Having a birth weight between the 10th and 90th percentile on intrauterine growth charts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Alcohol and breastfeeding - Answer Alcohol can decrease milk supply. Breastfeeding must be interrupted for 1 hour per drink, or until mother is sober. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 171 & 188. Aldomet/Methyldopa - Answer Antihypertensive, L2. Frequently used to treat hypertension during pregnancy. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 667. Allergen - Answer A substance that causes an allergic response, such as foods, drugs, inhalants. Cow's milk is common source for infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Αlphalactalbumin - Answer A major protein found in human milk whey. Assists in processing lactose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Alveolar ridge - Answer The ridges on the upper and lower jaw where infant's teeth will grow. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Alveolus, alveoli - Answer Secrete and store milk for let down. Surrounded by myoepithelial cells, contractile cells and connective tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 80. Amenorrhea - Answer A natural phase of infertility that takes place when a mother is exclusively breastfeeding. Menstruation has not returned. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 707 &865. Amoxicillin - Answer Antibiotic, L2. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Ampicillin - Answer Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Anaphylaxis - Answer Hypersensitivity (as to foreign proteins or drugs) resulting from sensitization following prior contact with the causative agent. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Anchor scar - Answer Surgical technique for breast reduction, slang. Ankyglossia - Answer A tongue tie. Characterized by a thick, short, or tight frenulum under the tongue. Can cause breastfeeding issues, such as a painful latch or inefficient milk transfer. Anterior pituitary - Answer This gland releases prolactin into the blood effecting milk production and ejection. It is susceptible to stress. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Anthrax - Answer Infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium (Bacillus anthrax), characterized by external ulcerating nodules or by lesions in the lungs. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. Antibody - Answer Immunoglobulin formed in response to an antigen, including bacteria and viruses. Antibodies attack those bacteria or viruses helping the body resist infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Antigen - Answer Substance that stimulates antibody production. May be dust, food, or bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Apgar score - Answer Index to evaluate the condition of a newborn infant based on a rating of 0, 1, or 2 for color, heart rate, reflex response, muscle tone, and respiration with 10 being a perfect score. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Apocrine gland - Answer Sweat glands located on the areola that secrete a scent. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 197-198. Apoptosis - Answer Programmed normal cell death. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Applied research - Answer Research that focuses on solving or finding an answer to a clinical or practical problem. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Areola - Answer The darker pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple. Contains sebaceous glands (Montgomery Glands) Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Aspirin - Answer Salicylate analgesic, L3. Use associated with Reye's Syndrome in infants. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 87. Atopic eczema - Answer Inherited allergic tendency to skin rashes or inflammation. Exclusively breastfed infants are less likely to develop as cow's milk protein is a common allergen. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Autocrine control - Answer The point in lactation when milk supply is controlled by milk removal. Local control in the breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 92. Autonomy - Answer The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision. Wikipedia. Average - Answer The middle value of a data set. Add all the numbers and divided by the amount of numbers in the set. Wikipedia. Available online: Axilla - Answer Underarm. Breast tissue (the axillary tail) can sometimes extend into axilla. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863-864. B Cell - Answer Lymphocyte produced in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid tissue; found in breastmilk. Attacks antigens. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. β lactaglobin - Answer Major protein in bovine milk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 40. Back to sleep - Answer A campaign that significantly reduced SIDS. Babies are less prone to SIDS when sleeping on their back. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 632. Bactericidal - Answer Destroys bacteria. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Bacteriostatic - Answer Prevents the growth of bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bactrim/Septra - Answer Sulfonamide antibiotic, L3. The mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 249. BALT/GALT/MALT - Answer Bronchus/gut/mammary-associated immunocompetent lymphoid tissue. Intermammary pathway. IgA antibodies are transferred through breastmilk to the infant. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Basic research - Answer Research that generates knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bed-sharing - Answer Sharing adult bed with baby. Questioned safety in reduction of SIDS. Safe bed sharing has been shown to extend the duration of breastfeeding. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 282-283. Bellagio Consensus Conference - Answer Meeting to develop protocol for the Lactational Amenorrhea Method of birth control. 1988. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 714-715. Beneficence - Answer The duty to do good. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 31. BFHI Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative - Answer Initiative by UNICEF and WHO (1991) to support breastfeeding in hospitals and maternity centers. "The 10 Steps". Unicef. Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Available online: Bioavailable - Answer The amount of a nutrient that is actually absorbed by the body. Nutrients found in breastmilk are easily absorbed by the infant's body. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bisphenol A - Answer (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned. (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned. Bivariate - Answer Statistics derived from the analysis of the relationship between two variables. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Blessed thistle - Answer An herbal galactagogue. L3. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 592. Bolus - Answer A quantity of medication given by IV, or a quantity of fluid (milk) given orally. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Bradycardia - Answer Relatively slow heart rate. Opposite of tachycardia. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. Breastfeeding dyad - Answer A breastfeeding mother and baby. Buccal pads - Answer Fat pads on the masseter muscles in an infant's cheeks giving them a plump cheeked appearance. Provide stability for the tongue during suckling. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Calories in breastmilk - Answer Mature milk has approximately 20 cal/oz. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 227. Candidiasis - Answer Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans; also called "thrush." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Caput succedaneum - Answer Diffuse swelling or collection of serum under the scalp of the newborn from birth trauma. Differentiated from cephalhematoma by unrestriction by the sutures of the skull. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Casein - Answer The main protein in breastmilk. Creates the curd when digested in the infant stomach. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 26. Central pedicle technique - Answer Breast reduction surgical technique. Intended to keep ducts intact. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 654. Cephalexin/Keflex - Answer Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora; compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 178. Cephalhematoma - Answer Collection of blood beneath the periosteum due to birth trauma; contrasted with caput succedaneum, where the effusion overlies the periosteum and consists of serum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Chamomile - Answer A herb, L3. Used for anti-inflammatory, calminative, antispasmodic, milk sedative, and antiseptic properties. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 202. Chicken pox - Answer A virus infection, mothers can continue to breastfeed. Antibodies from her breastmilk provides immunity for the baby. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 202-203. Chi-square - Answer Statistical procedure that uses nominal level data and determines significant differences between observed frequencies in relation to data and expected frequencies. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Choanal atresia - Answer A rare congenital anomaly, blocked posterior nostrils on one or both sides. Feedings by mouth are either difficult or impossible. Surgery opens the airways. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 644. Chylothorax - Answer Congenital anomaly, obstruction of the lymphatic system. Chyle (lymphatic fluid) collects in the chest cavity and is drained via chest tubes. Managed by diet and medication. Fat free breastmilk has been used successfully. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 648-649. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) - Answer Antibiotic, L3. Recently approved by AAP. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 178. Hale, 2010, Medications in Mothers' Milk. p. 224. Claritin/Loratadine - Answer Long-acting antihistamine, L1. Observe for sedation, dry mouth, and tachycardia. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 617. CMV Cytomegalovirus - Answer Type of herpes virus found in human milk, genital tract, urine, and pharynx. Transmitted by close contact. Avoid pumping or breastfeeding in premature infants if mom has acute infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 204. Colic - Answer Syndrome in early infancy characterized by episodic loud crying, apparent abdominal pain (legs drawn up and rigid abdomen) and irritability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864-865. Colostrum - Answer First milk created during late pregnancy and early postpartum period. Has higher concentrations of immunoglobins, fat soluble vitamins and some minerals. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Comfrey - Answer An herbal poultice, L5. Is not considered safe due to alkaloids found in breastmilk after use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 259. Conceptual framework - Answer Structure of interrelated concepts that may be generated inductively by qualitative research to provide a base for quantitative study. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Congenital infection - Answer Infection existing at birth that was acquired via placenta. Includes HIV and TORCH organisms. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Conjunctivitis - Answer Inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid. Sometimes treated with fresh breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Construct - Answer Higher order theoretical or empirical idea or phenomenon that has abstract meaning and requires multiple concepts to represent it more concretely. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Contraception - Answer Preventing conception. Hormonal pill, barrier methods, intrauterine device. Breastfeeding can provide contraceptive protection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cooper's ligaments - Answer Also know as the "suspensory ligaments." Attaches the skin of the breast to the chest wall. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 82. Cord blood - Answer Blood remaining in the umbilical cord after birth. May be saved for later stem cell transplantation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Correlation coefficient - Answer Statistic that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables. The range in value is +1.00 to -1.00; 0.0 indicates no relationship, +1.00 is a perfect positive relationship, and -1.00 is a perfect inverse relationship. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Creamotcrit - Answer The amount of cream in a milk sample. The amount of cream (fat) varies from mother to mother, feeding to feeding, and throughout the course of lactation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cross-nursing - Answer Informal, short term wet nursing. Typically seen in the context of child care. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cultural competency - Answer Ability to understand, communicate, and interact effectively with people from different cultures. Four components: Awareness of one's own cultural worldview; attitude towards cultural differences; knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews; cross-cultural skills. Wikipedia. Cultural relativism - Answer Acknowledging the variation in beliefs and actions given to the behaviors of different cultures. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Culture - Answer The values, beliefs, norms, and practices shared by a group of people that guide the thoughts and behaviors of that group. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cyanotic/Cyanosis - Answer Bluish coloring due to low oxygen levels. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 296-296. Cytoprotective - Answer Protection from inflammation and death for cells. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 854. De- - Answer Latin word meaning "of" or "from." Wikipedia. Available online: Deductive reasoning - Answer Process of reasoning from a general premise to the concrete and specific. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Deontology - Answer Approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to rules. Described as duty or obligation, because rules 'binds you to your duty'. Wikipedia. Available online: Dependent variable - Answer Variable the investigator measures in response to the independent or treatment variable; the outcome variable that is affected by the independent variable. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. DHA & ARA - Answer Docosahexanoic acid and Arachidonic acid. Essential fatty acids known for improving visual acuity and cognitive ability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 125-126. Diffusion - Answer Process by which the molecules of one substance (e.g., a drug) are spread uniformly throughout blood or plasma. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Dioxin - Answer Chemical contaminant in the environment. As dioxin levels increase, the EPA has still determined it safe for mothers to breastfeed in the United States. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 369. Disaccharide - Answer Complex sugar consisting of two monosaccharides. Forms the principle sugar in breastmilk, known as lactose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Distal - Answer Remote from the point of attachment or origin. Opposite of proximal. Wikitionary. Available online: Dong quai - Answer Herb contraindicated in lactation. Used to quell uterine cramps. Humphrey, 2003. The Nursing Mother's Herbal, page 239.