BIO 111 TAMU lab exam 1 latest 2023 with certified solutions

BIO 111 TAMU lab exam 1 latest 2023 with certified solutions Accuracy a measure of how close a result matches a correct or standard value. For example, how close a dart is to the bullseye in a dartboard is an indicator of accuracy. Precision a measure of variability. For example, three darts placed close together on a dartboard indicate high precision, but if this cluster of darts is far from the bullseye it would also indicate low accuracy. an ideal experiment yields results with both high accuracy and high precision. Although biological and/or environmental conditions may limit one or both of these features, poor technique is an unacceptable source of errors. Aliquot a portion of something (noun); or to divide or transfer a portion of something (verb). For this lab, aliquot refers to an amount of liquid. Micropipette an instrument used to measure/deliver amounts of liquid with high accuracy and precision. Micropipettes are expensive so treat these with respect. Spectrophotometer: an instrument for measuring the intensity of light that is transmitted through a sample (transmittance) or absorbed by a sample (absorbance). In this lab, you will measure light absorbance at a defined wavelength. The use of a spectrophotometer is called spectrophotometry. Molar weight a measure of mass. By definition, a mole is 6x1023 objects (atoms, molecules, Aggies, etc.). The mass of an object is defined by its composition at the atomic level. Standard curve a graph in which properties of known samples are measured and plotted. The direct proportionality of these properties can then be used to determine the same information from unknown samples. In this lab, a standard curve of Absorbance versus protein concentration will be used to determine the concentration of protein in an unknown sample. Standard Curve Practice Problems Molar Weight Practice Problems Bradford Assay is an assay that uses Coomassie Blue dye to bind the common part of all proteins, that is the peptide backbone. By itself, Bradford reagent has a reddish-brown color and the highest absorbance (absorbance spectrum maximum) at 465 nm. Bradford reagent bound with proteins, however, is blue and has an absorbance spectrum maximum at 595 nm. As protein concentration increases, more of the protein-dye complex will be formed and the resulting solution will be a more intense blue color. Which statement correctly describes, in general, a blank used to 0 (zero) the spectrophotometer? The blank includes everything in your experimental samples except what you want to measure Which of these reagents binds to protein to create a color change that you can measure Braford reagent For the experiment measuring concentrations of BSA using spectrophotometry, the blank will include which of the following Bradford Reagent NaCl Enzymes Protiens and a Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things Define what enzymes bind too substrates, and enzymes only bind to very specific substrates Enzymes are effected by PH levals, Temperature, and the conentration of enzymes and substrates β-galactosidase enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose to form glucose and galactose why did there have to be orhto-nitrophenol added to the ONPG and glactose to measure it in a spectrometer? Orth-nitrophenol has a yellow color, and both ONPG and glactose are colorless Study how to calculate ONPG and Z buffers ----- Enzyme Activity formula (A420nm/time)x1000 Which of the following would not be expected to have an effect on the activity of ß-galactosidase? Absorbance BSA concentration true about spectrophotometers Can measure how much light passes through the sample (transmittance). Works by shining light of a specific wavelength through the sample. Can measure how much light is absorbed by a solution. Bacteria Used in Lab 2 Escherichia coli What is the purpose of lysis buffer in the experimental reactions? Breaks open cells by disrupting the cell membrane. What is cellular respiration an overarching term which includes all the processes a living organism uses to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). These processes include: glycolysis, fermentation, oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle. Each of these processes/cycles requires multiple steps and reactions, involving many enzymes and reactions along the way. Example of anaerobic respiration fermentation, happens at end of glycosis example of aerobic respiration cellular respiration Which produces less ATP Anaerobic respiration generally produces fewer ATP molecules What did we use in lab 3 to measure the oxygen consumed by peas under different temperatures respirometer why was it important to keep the volume of the gas equal on both sides of the respirometer? f the volume of gas in each chamber is not equal, then the amount of pressure exerted by the gas in the tube will not be the same as the temperature is varied and will give erroneous results. what is measured in lab 3 part 2 Geissler burette to measure the volume of CO2 gas produced by the yeast Saccharomyces grown with different sugars and in the presence of the metabolic poison, sodium azide. What is Sodium Azide a toxin it inhibits the mitochondrial electron transport chain of eukaryotes. What yeast is used to make beer and wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) is a small, single-‐celled, eukaryotic yeast that divides by budding general, a slight increase in temperature will [a] the rate of cellular respiration. This is most directly due to [b] increasing in [c] conditions. a-accelertae b- enzyme activity c- warmer [a] is an overarching term that includes all processes living organisms use to produce [b]. a- cellular resperation b- ATP This week's experiment will examine cellular respiration by measuring [x] consumption. Meanwhile, any [y] produced by the cells will react with KOH (potassium hydroxide) to form non-gaseous molecules. x- O2, oxyden y- CO2, carbon dixoide During the process of glycolysis, the potential chemical energy released by the breakdown of glucose is stored as NADH and ATP What process is essential to all life on earth? Photpsynthesis photosyntheis It is the only biological process that can capture energy that originates from sunlight and converts it into chemical compounds (carbohydrates) that every organism uses to power its metabolism. It is also a source of oxygen necessary for many living organisms. In brief, the energy of sunlight is "captured" to energize electrons, whose energy is then stored in the covalent bonds of sugar molecules. Step that converts light energy to chemical energy multiprotein complex called a photosystem, two types of which are found embedded in the thylakoid membrane: photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) Two major classes of photosyntheic pigments found in plants and alage Chlorophylls and carotenoids Why does chlorophyll appear green? Chlorophyll a absorbs wavelengths from either end of the visible spectrum (blue and red), but not green. Because green is reflected or transmitted, chlorophyll appears green Photosynthesis uses, releases, and produces different molecules. Use/release/production of which of the following causes the floating spinach disks measured in the photosynthesis and wavelength experiment? O2 Which microorganism will be used in this Lab 4s experiment Chlamydomonas Which of the following statements about the Chlamydomonas experiment are TRUE? Sodium azide is a metabolic poison inhibits the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Movement of Chlamydomonas will be used to test the effect of metabolic poisons. hotosynthesis results in the production of [b], which is the primary energy source in cells. The byproduct of photosynthesis is [a]. b- glucose a- oxygen Which are required for photosynthesis to occur? Sunlight Water Carbon dioxide