TAMU BIO 111 Exam 1 (2023/2024) Rated A

TAMU BIO 111 Exam 1 (2023/2024) Rated A Natural Science · the field of science related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes. Physical Science astronomy, chemistry, physics Life Science Biology Basic Science Science done to gain knowledge, regardless of the application. "knowledge for knowledge" Applied Science Science applied to the real world. The problem is defined by the researcher Inductive Reasoning Describes through careful observation and analysis of data. Scientist derive generalizations based on a large number of observations. Deductive reasoning ask specific questions usually involving proposing and testing hypothetical explanations aka hypothesis. Hypothesis must be testable, falsifiable and include a control group. Scientific Method o Make observations o Develop a hypothesis o Design an experiment o Collect data o Analyze data; do the results support the hypothesis o Refine and repeat the experiment if necessary Communicate your results independent variable The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. dependent variable represents the output or outcome resulting from the altering of the independent variable. Scientific Theory hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing cell theory o All living organisms are made of one or more cells besides viruses (they aren't REALLY alive) o Chemical reactions that are necessary for life take place within cells o All cells arise from pre-existing cells, they don't just appear randomly o Cells contain hereditary information in the form of DNA emergent properties · life's fundamental characteristic is having a high degree of order o Biological organization is based on a hierarchy of structural levels; the lowest is atoms that build to complex biological molecules, molecules arrange to create structures and organelles which make cells Key Functions of Life o Order o Sensitivity or response to stimuli o Reproduction o Growth and development o Regulation o Homeostasis o Energy processing o Evolution Taxonomy The scientific study of how living things are classified and named Phylogeny Evolutionary history of a species or group of species. What did an organism evolve from? What species is an organism most closely related to. All Life Shares o The same genetic material (RNA, DNA) o Nearly universal genetic code o The same basic process of gene expression o The same molecular building blocks o The presence of ribosomes Evolution the change in populations throughout earths history. Darwin Developed the theory of evolution, added natural selection. Wallace Sent a letter to Darwin with similar ideas. relative fitness the survival and/or reproductive rate of a genotype (or phenotype) relative to the maximum survival and/or reproductive rate of other genotypes in the population. Common elements of life o Carbon o Oxygen o Hydrogen o Nitrogen Atoms · the smallest unit of matter that still retains he properties of an element Neutrons the particles of the nucleus that have no charge Protons Positively charged particles Electrons Negatively charged particles. Surround nucleus in a "cloud" protons and neutrons found in the nucleus atomic number the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom atomic mass Number of protons and neutrons To find the number of neutrons atomic mass - atomic number Isotopes Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons radioactive isotope An isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. valence shell outermost electron shell Non polar covalent bonds equal sharing of electrons polar covalent bond A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally ionic bond Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another Cations positively charged ions Anions negatively charged ions Van der Waals interactions Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules positive and negative charges Electronegativity A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons. More electronegative the stronger it pulls shared electrons. increases as you go up and across. F is most electronegative Cohesion attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding. surface tension the ability of water to pull itself into the shape with the smallest surface. Adhesion An attraction between molecules of different substances. Causes water to adhere to walls of vessels. water moderates temperature by absorbing heat from the air and releasing stored heat into the air when it is cooler evaporative cooling The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state. water is able to · dissolve more materials than most other solvents making it the universal solvent. Molarity moles of solute/liters of solution pH scale measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 Acids · any substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution Bases any substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution Hydrocarbons · common in biological organisms o ONLY hydrogen and carbon o Do NOT dissolve in water o NOT present in most living organisms Isomers Compounds with the same formula but different structures. structural isomers differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms geometric isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms. Enatiomers isomers that are mirror images of each other hydroxyl group · found in alcohols and sugars. Polar due to the electronegative oxygen. O-H carbonyl group · double bonded oxygen and carbon (C=O) carboxyl group found in fatty acids and amino acids. Very acidic. o Double Bond= Carbon and Oxygen o Single Bond= Carbon and hydroxyl o Written as either COOH or CO2H amino group NH2 Found in every amino acid Macromolecules A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules Sugars polysaccharides fatty acids fats, lipids, membranes amino acids building blocks of proteins Nucleotide nucleic acid Proteins, Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids Are made from polymers dehydration synthesis A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. hydrolysis synthesis the breaking of the covalent bond between two monomers by the addition of water Carbohydrates Broken down to glucose to provide energy. Monosaccharides simple sugars. bond together to make more complex sugars. Disaccharide A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. Polysaccharides Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides Cellulose A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms Chitin A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. Amylose unbranched glucose monomers Amylopectin branched glucose monomers Glycogen storage form of glucose in animals Proteins Chains of amino acids. Consisting of one or more polypeptides Catabolic breaking down Anabolic building up catalytic affects rate of reaction amino acids monomers of proteins primary structure sequence of amino acids secondary structure The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain. tertiary structure The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. quaternary structure The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. Lipids Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. DO NOT CONSIST OF POLYMERS saturated fatty acid A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton. unsaturated fatty acid A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. Phospholipids one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group § Consists of a hydrophilic "head" and a hydrophobic "tail" Steroids lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings nucleic acids the genetic material of living organisms nucleic acids in Eukaryotic Cells are located in the nucleus nucleic acids in Prokaryotic Cells are located in cytoplasm Genes the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein The Gene Theory theory that the characteristics of living things are controlled by genes that are passed from parents to offspring The theory of Heredity Changes in DNA sequences produce individual, heritable variation. Some of these changes result in individuals with physical characteristics that allow them to leave more offspring to the next generation than do other individuals. These individuals are considered to be more fit than those who have fewer offspring that survive to adulthood. Hydrophobic Water fearing Hydrophilic water loving Lamarck French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics () capilary action when liquid goes up a narrow tub against the force of gravity capilary action is a result of water molecules: having a strong adhesive force and attaching to the surrounding vessel walls