Bio 111 lab TAMU exam 1 latest 2023 graded A+

Bio 111 lab TAMU exam 1 latest 2023 graded A+ Accuracy a measure of how close a result matches a correct or standard value Precision a measure of variability. For example, three darts placed close together on a dartboard indicate high precision, but if this cluster of darts is far from the bullseye it would also indicate low accuracy Aliquot a portion of something (noun); or to divide or transfer a portion of something (verb). For this lab, aliquot refers to an amount of liquid Micropipette an instrument used to measure/deliver amounts of liquid with high accuracy and precision. Micropipettes are expensive so treat these with respect Spectrophotometer an instrument for measuring the intensity of light that is transmitted through a sample (transmittance) or absorbed by a sample (absorbance). In this lab, you will measure light absorbance at a defined wavelength Molar weight a measure of mass. By definition, a mole is 6x1023 objects Standard curve a graph in which properties of known samples are measured and plotted. The direct proportionality of these properties can then be used to determine the same information from unknown samples. In this lab, a standard curve of Absorbance versus protein concentration will be used to determine the concentration of protein in an unknown sample. Concentration C1V1=C2V2 Enzyme molecules which catalyze biochemical reaction and bind specific reactants, referred to as substrates. Enzyme activity is affected by the concentration of both enzyme and substrates, temp, and pH. β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) an enzyme produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli) that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown of a molecule by using up a water molecule) of the disaccharide lactose to the monosaccharides galactose and glucose ONPG and galactose are colorless Ortho-nitrophenol is bright yellow with an absorption wavelength of 420 nm. Because of the colored product, we can measure enzyme activity by monitoring ortho-nitrophenol production using a spectrophotometer. Cellular respiration all the processes a living organism uses to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). These processes include: glycolysis, fermentation, oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle Cellular respiration 2 cellular respiration will use O2 as a final electron acceptor. This aerobic respiration results in a consumption of O2 as the cells produce ATP. Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) generally produces fewer ATP molecules (through glycolysis), but is useful when O2 is not available as the final electron acceptor. Instead, an organic molecule (or sometimes an inorganic compound) is used as the final electron acceptor, resulting in oxidation of NADH back to NAD+ at the end of the reactions. In the absence of O2, the NAD+ must be continually regenerated through these reactions in order to continue to produce ATP through the glycolytic pathway Respirometer measures the volume of oxygen consumed indirectly, as the CO2 present in the tube, including the CO2 produced by respiration, is absorbed by the KOH in the bottom of the tube. Why does the indicator fluid move up in the tube? As the oxygen is consumed by respiration and converted into water, and as CO2 is produced, a negative pressure will develop as molecules of gas are converted to liquid and solid phase molecules. This will draw the indicator fluid in the manometer up the indicator tube Sodium azide is metabolic poison and disrupts the mitochondrial electron transport chain Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) Yeast; used as eukaryotic experimental model and in fermentation Sucrose table sugar, made of glucose and fructose, disaccharide, slowest rate of fermentation Glucose monosaccharide, fastest rate of fermentation Fructose monosaccharide Photosynthesis a process that requires specific wavelengths of sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water as substrates and releases oxygen, GA3P, and simple carbohydrate molecules that can then be converted into sugar molecules. Photosystem Complex of chlorophyll and proteins in the thylakoid membrane (photosystem II and photosystem I) that converts light energy to chemical energy. Chlorophylls and carotenoids two major classes of photosynthetic pigments found in plants and algae Absorption spectrum The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light for photosynthesis in plants Aspiration's purpose in the lab aspiration was performed to remove trapped gases within the leaf. Once aspirated, the spinach leaf disks sink, and float as photosynthesic activity refills the spaces with oxygen. Chlamydomonas green algae used in photosynthesis lab to determine motility of algae in the presence and absence of metabolic poisons Photochemical "light" reactions in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast Biochemical "dark" reactions found in the stroma of the chloroplast Flagella (motility) move with ATP, no ATP=no movement DCMU prevents photosynthesis in system II, does not affect cellular respiration, therefore flagella can still move Action spectrum determines effective wavelengths of photosynthesis in plants Photosynthetic pigments ability to change colors and use different pigments to absorb light in photosynthesis Chlorophyll alpha and beta, xanthophyll, and carotene photosynthetic pigments Sodium bicarbonate in photosynthesis lab remove gases from the leaves (aspirate) and supply CO2 and water for photosynthesis flagella move towards the light to perform photosynthesis flagella moves away from the light because it is too hot Higher Temperature Faster respiration Are these yeast using fermentation or oxidation to produce CO2? Both! Living organisms perform cellular respiration to release O2, and yeast's function is to perform fermentation. How do changes in enzyme concentration affect product production and enzyme activity? When more substrates and enzymes bind, it creates more activity. When the binding sites are exhausted, enzyme activity plateaus. Excess enzymes have no substrates to bond to. How do changes in substrate concentration affect product production and enzyme activity? When more substrates and enzymes bind, it creates more activity. When the binding sites are exhausted, enzyme activity plateaus. Excess substrates with no enzymes to bind to. Bradford Assay spectroscopic analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution Z Buffer promotes the reaction between B-gal and ONPG by optimizing the pH of the sample How to calculate enzyme activity? (Absorption (aka A420)/time)x 1,000 Cellular Respiration the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food Glycolysis the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. (step one of cellular respiration) Anaerobic respiration no oxygen, fermentation, Aerobic Respiration oxygen available, in mitochondria, produces ATP