Paediatric Conditions - NOTCE Study notes EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+

Paediatric Conditions - NOTCE Study notes EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+ What are the three subsystems of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? - ANSWER- 1) Attention deficit only 2) Hyperactive only 3) Combined How is ADHD diagnosed? - ANSWER- Onset prior to 7 years, duration of at least 6 months, pattern of behaviour excessive for age and intelligence Epidemiology of ADHD - ANSWER- - up to 10% of greater population - more boys than girls - associated with other psychiatric disorders and learning difficulties - continued symptoms into adolescence and adulthood Possible etiologies of ADHD - ANSWER- 1) Neuortransmitter abnormalities decreasing the activation/stimulation in upper brainstem and frontal lobes 2) delayed/abnormal maturation of frontal lobes 3) complications during pregnancy - toxins, post maturity, long labour, lead poisoning Theories regarding areas of deficit leading to behavioural patterns in ADHD - ANSWER- 1) A lack of investment, organizaiton, maintenance of attention/effort in completing tasks 2) an inability to inhibit impulsive action, linked with working memory, self-regulation, internalization of speech, reconstitution of verbal/non-verbal behaviours 3) a lack of modulation of arousal levels to meet demands of situation 4) unusually strong inclination to seek immediate reinforcement common presenting behaviours of ADHD - ANSWER- - restlessness - impulsive speech - difficulties following direaction - difficulty organizing - decreased attention span at work/play - forgetfulness - variability of symptoms is common where there is a decrease of symptoms in highly engaging activity behaviours of ADHD observed at school - ANSWER- - frequently off task - writtent work is careless, messy - disruptive (fidgeting, making noises, talking) - decreased completion of work - poor achievement for intelligence - inability to stay seated Do symptoms of ADHD continue into adolescents? - ANSWER- - changes may occur, may improve or remit - 50-80% continue to show symptoms associated features of ADHD - ANSWER- - low self-esteem - demoralization - lack of ability to tak responsibility - increased risk of depression, anxiety, suicide - increased risk of dropping out o fhigh school OT assessment for children with ADHD - ANSWER- - general occupational profile to determine ability to perform in everyday activities, school performance, play, meaningful activities - look at closer components: sensory integration, visual-perceptual skills, motor performance, behaviour and social skills What component areas might an OT look into for assessing someone with ADHD? - ANSWER- - sensory integration - visual-perceptual skills - motor performance - behaviour and social skills What possible tools could be used as an OT assessment for someone with ADHD? - ANSWER- - sensory profile - sensory integration and praxis tool - bruinicks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency OR movement ABC - visual motor integration developmental test of visual motor systems - behavioural assessment system of children - social skills rating system What theories might OT interventions for individuals with ADHD be based on? - ANSWER- Theories from: - sensory processing - motor learning and skill acquisition - rehabilitative - CBT - psychosocial What type of OT role is often required to develop environmental/curriculum modifications for a child with ADHD? - ANSWER- consultative role What is important during OT intervention for individuals with ADHD to ensure consistency and enhance generalization? - ANSWER- all interventions closely involve parents and teachers OT interventions for younger children with ADHD - ANSWER- - sensory processing - play - motor abilities - self-help skills OT interventions for elementary-aged childre with ADHD - ANSWER- - visual perceptual - handwriting - school related tasks - communication/ interaction skills - compensation/ remediation of sensory processing OT interventions for older children with ADHD - ANSWER- - vocational skills - study skills - community living - transition planning - communication/ interaction skills What are some examples of OT interventions addressing environmental modifications for children with ADHD? - ANSWER- - seat cushion - preferential seating - decrease visually distracting stimuli - quiet space - classroom structure/routine explicitly communicated - boundaries marked by carpet squares or taped areas of floor What are some examples of OT interventions addressing the occupation for children with ADHD? - ANSWER- - assignments broken down in to well-defined steps - schedule of fine and gross motor activities - keyboard skills and oral communication if handwriting difficulties - improve routines with charts, checklists, audiotapes What are some examples of OT interventions addressing the person for children with ADHD? - ANSWER- - sensory diet - identify sensations that excite/calm child - alert program: to enhance awareness of arousal level and how to make sensory diet choices to modify arousal level to "just right" level for optimal success What is autism spectrum disorder? - ANSWER- It is a neurological disorder classified in the DSM-IV as a subcategory of the pervasive developmental disorders