Modules 13-24 Study Guide fully solved graded A+ 2023 verified to pass

Modules 13-24 Study GuideA child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in: Select one: a. classical conditioning b. occasion setting c. operant conditioning d. observational learning d. observational learning Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________. a. positive; negative b. right; wrong c. reinforcers; punishers d. rewards; consequences c. reinforcers; punishers Correct Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans. Select one: a. anxiety disorders b. depressive disorders c. personality disorders d. learning disabilities a. anxiety disorders In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn: Select one: a. to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet b. rats were unable to learn new behaviors. c. rat's behavior varied over several days. d. to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that: a. children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable b. that observation had no impact on behavior c. the aggressive models instructed the children how to hit and kick d. children who observed the aggressive models were more aggressive than the other children. a. children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable In which of these scenarios has extinction occurred? Select one: a. Connor finds that smoking cigarettes is no longer as rewarding as when he first started. b. Connor finds that he needs to smoke more cigarettes to get the same nicotine buzz as he used to. c. Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette. d. Connor has quit smoking, but still craves the nicotine buzz that he used to get in the past. c. Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette. Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called? Select one: a. vicarious reinforcement b. operant conditioning c. vicarious conditioning d. vicarious punishment a. vicarious reinforcement Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a: Select one: a. positive reinforcement b. negative punishment c. negative reinforcement d. positive punishment a. positive reinforcement Sidney Crosby, a famous hockey player, is paid $10 million to wear Reebok ice-skates. Reebok hopes this will increase sales of their skates due to: Select one: a. observational learning b. positive reinforcement c. avoidance conditioning d. classical conditioning d. classical conditioning Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place. a. a complex game b. social models c. reinforcements d. a set of rules b. social models The "law of effect" states: Select one: a. Behaviors that lead to positive states will not occur in an artificial cage environment. b. Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated. c. The effect of a behavior has little or no relationship to the behavior itself. d. Any behavior that leads to a negative state is likely to be repeated. b. Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated. The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what? Select one: a. Reinforcer devaluation effect b. Preparedness c. Renewal effect d. Law of effect a. Reinforcer devaluation effect When a goal-directed action becomes automated and routine it is called a: Select one: a. habit b. learned behavior c. association d. conditioned response a. habit When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates: Select one: a. taste aversion b. stimulus generalization c. incremental learning d. operant conditioning a. taste aversion