Pharmacology Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) |71 questions and answers

What are the 5 steps of the nursing process Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation What are the parts of the medication profile (assessment) 1. Any and all drug use 2. Prescriptions 3. Over the counter medications 4. Vitamins, herbs, and supplements 5. Compliance and Adherence What are the parts of the Nursing Diagnosis 1. Deficient knowledge (patient's) 2. Risk for injury 3. Noncompliance What are the parts of the planning process 1. Identification of Goals 2. Outcome Criteria What are the parts of the Implementation process 1. Initiation and completion of nursing actions 2. Independent, collaborative, dependent What are the "Six Rights" of medication implementation Right- time, patient, route, drug, dose, documentation What is the Evaluation process 1. Ongoing part of nursing process 2. Determining status of goals and outcomes 3. Monitoring patient response to drug therapy 4. Clear concise documentation Pharmaceutics How various drug forms influence the way that drug affects the body Pharmacokinetics what the body does to the drug from the time of administration until it and all metabolites are excreted Pharmacodynamics what the drug does to the body. What is a Drug Any chemical that affects living organism processes What is pharmacology The study of drugs Chemical Name describes the chemical composition and molecular structure Generic name (non proprietary) name given by the united states adopted names council e.g. ibuprofin Trade name (proprietary) drug's registered trademark e.g.. Motrin Pharmacotherapeutics 1. clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat disease, 2. principles of drug actions 3. organization of drugs into classes Pharmacognosy study of natural drug sources vs synthetic sources What do dosage forms affect rate of drug dissolution pharmaceutical properties What are the rates of drug absorption per various oral preparations Fastest-- oral disintegration, buccal tablets, oral soluble wafers Liquids, elixirs, and syrups suspension solutions powders capsules tablets coated tablets enteric coated tablets -Slowest What are the four processes of pharmacokinetics Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion What is absorption the movement of a drug from the administration site into the bloodstream for distribution to tissues What are the absorption routes 1. Enteral ( GI tract) 2. Parenteral (outside the GI tract) 3. Topical (skin) What are enteral routes of entry oral or gastric mucosa, or small intestine What are parenteral routes of entry IV, IM, Sub Cut, Intradermal, Intraarterial, Intrathecal, Intraarticular What is the first pass effect What is bioavailability What are the topical routes of entry skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, vagina, rectum What absorption routes avoid the first pass effect parenteral, and topical What are the factors that affect distribution of drugs via the bloodstream protein binding water soluble vs fat soluble blood brain barrier areas of rapid distribution: heart, liver, kidneys, brain areas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fat drug-drug interactions What are the types of changes to a drug because of metabolism Transformation to a : inactive metabolite a more soluble compound more potent compound less active compound Where are the sites of drug metabolism liver (main organ), skeletal muscle, kidneys, lungs, plasma, intestinal mucosa List the factors that decrease metabolism cardiovascular dysfunction, renal insufficiency, starvation, obstructive jaundice, slow acetylator, ketoconazole therapy List the factors that increase metabolism fast acetylator, barbiturate therapy, rifampin therapy, phenytoin therapy What are the points of excretion Kidneys (main organ), liver, bowel, lungs, sweat What is drug half life the time for one half of the drug to be removed from the body How many half lives are most drugs effectively removed from the body 5 What does onset, peak, duration refer to the times of drug interaction in the body What is onset time necessary for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response What is peak The time necessary for the drug to reach maximum therapeutic response What is duration the time the drug concentration remains sufficient to elicit therapeutic response What are drug actions cellular processes involved in drug-cell interaction (e.g.. a pain killer might block the binding of neurotransmitters to pain receptors) What are drug effects the physiological reaction of the body to the drug (e.g. a pain killer results in the decrease in pain sensation) What does mechanism of action refer to the manner in which a drug works What are some MOAs of drugs receptor interactions, enzyme interactions, selective interactions, nonselective interactions, unknown What is a contraindication any patient characteristic that makes use of a medication dangerous (side effects) Acute therapy intense treatment for patients with rapid illness onset Maintenance therapy for chronic diseases or problem prevention Supplemental/replacement therapy provides a missing or deficient substance Palliative therapy suppresses effects of terminal illness to improve life quality but does not provide cure Supportive therapy maintains body functions during recovery Prophylactic therapy prevents complications of planned events Empiric therapy based on clinical probability until diagnosis confirmation Consider unintended consequences the intended therapeutic action vs unintended but potentially adverse effects Therapeutic index ratio of toxic to therapeutic level