ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate

ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - CORRECT ANSWERFocusing on Cellular Structure and Function - CORRECT ANSWERThe Normal Cell Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER--The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division -Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information Interphase and Mitotic Phase - CORRECT ANSWER-Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major phases During interphase: - CORRECT ANSWER-Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap) 2: Synthesis phase (S phase) 3:Mitotic Phse (M phase) First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - CORRECT ANSWER--cells increase in size -reproduce RNA -"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA -Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days Synthesis Phase (S phase) - CORRECT ANSWER--DNA replicates -Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids) -which are attached a t the centromere -lasts 2-10 hours Mitotic Phase (M phase) - CORRECT ANSWER--Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells -takes about 30-60 minutes Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - CORRECT ANSWER--G1 checkpoint -S Phase -G2 checkpoint -M phase Restriction Point - CORRECT ANSWER--The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur -During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point -Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return G0 Phase (resting phase) - CORRECT ANSWER--After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0 -Most cells in the human body reside in G0 -Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - CORRECT ANSWER-- Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as -granulocytes -and the epithelium of the GI tract Cell Cycling Time - CORRECT ANSWER-Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis Cell cycle video and image - CORRECT ANSWER _how_the_cell_cycle_ Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - CORRECT ANSWER-- The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints -Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer -These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - CORRECT ANSWER-1. cyclines (D, E, A, B) 2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) -Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - CORRECT ANSWER--(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6 -Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2 -Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2 -G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A -Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B Inhibitory proteins - CORRECT ANSWER--prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected -An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53) DNA Damage Checkpoints - CORRECT ANSWER--If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) -The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood inhibitory proteins (IP) Inhibitory proteins p53 - CORRECT ANSWER--Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes -Will increase when DNA damage is present -Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation -sometimes called the "suicide gene" M Phase Checkpoints - CORRECT ANSWER-When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line up in the mitotic spindle. If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue Immunity - CORRECT ANSWERCells of the Immune System - CORRECT ANSWERPluripotent Stem Cell - CORRECT ANSWER--The cells of the immune system are created in the bome marrow from what is know as a ___ -A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue, does not yet have a function Myeolid Precursor Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Mature into: -RBCS -Plts -WBCs (Granulocytes) Lymphoid Precursor Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Mature into: -Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes (Agranulocytes) Lines of Defense: The Immune System's Response to Attack - CORRECT ANSWERConsists of 2 types of immunity: 1: Innate 2: Adaptive Innate Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER--First line of defense against a pathogen -Does not retain memory of the entity -Involves the following: (skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of the skin and gut) (Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and macrophages) 1. Phagocytes 2. Natural Killer Cells 3. Granulocytes 4. Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER-1.Cells that engulf and destroy invader 2. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self to determine if they should kill or not 3. Type of WBC that have granules (Neutrophils Eosinophils - parasites Basophils - release histamine to stimulate immune response) 4. Large phagocytic cells stimulated by infection Adaptive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER--Stimulated if innate immunity is insufficient -leads to immune system memory -Humoral immunity -Cell-mediated immunity -Regulatory T-cells Humoral Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER--B-Cells -Memory B-Cells -Plasma act to produce immunoglobulins (Igs) or antibodies B-Cell - CORRECT ANSWER--each one is programmed to make one specific antibody -Can recognize antigens whether they are freely circulating in the blood or attached to surface of a microbe -When dividing, can become plasma cells which will then begin secreting antibodies that are unique to that antigen Plasma Cells - CORRECT ANSWER--some plasma cells will undergo apoptosis -Some will go to the BM where they will continue to secrete antibodies sometimes for years Cell-Mediated Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Depends upon cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells and their cyokinds -more effective against antigens within cells Regulatory T-cells AKA suppressor T-Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-regulate the immune response to prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses T-Cell - CORRECT ANSWER--Can only recognize antigens when they are presented to them by "presenting cells" -Recognize phagocytized fragments of an antigen that are put on the surface of antigenpresenting cells Helper T-Cells (CD4+) - CORRECT ANSWER--help other T-Cells by secreting chemicals -Help B Cells to respond