BIO 101: Module 10 (Questions and Answers A+ Graded 100% Verified)

BIO 101: Module 10 (Questions and Answers A+ Graded 100% Verified) Define transcription and translation ANS: Transcription: Process of creating RNA from DNA Translation: Process of creating proteins from RNA State the three types of RNA and their functions ANS: rRNA- ribosomal mRNA-messenger tRNA- transfers State structural differences between the DNA and RNA molecule (3 total) ANS: 1. DNA is double helix; RNA is single stranded 2. DNA Has A, G, T, C; RNA has ribose sugar 3. RNA replaces T with Uracil Describe the process of transcription and state where it occurs in the cell ANS: Transcription: starts at promoter, then the enzymes unwind the DNA forming a transcription bubble, the RNA polymerase enters and moves along DNA joining the free nucleotides, RNA polymerase is removed at the termination site, then pre-mRNA is then released Describe how the pre RNA is modified (3 modifications total) ANS: 1. 3 primer polia tail 2. introns and exons 3. 5 prime cap Define intron and exon ANS: Intron: blank DNA that is removed Exon: stay in and are put back together after the introns are taken out Define codon and anticodon ANS: codon: is the sequence of three bases on a strand of mRNA that codes for an amino acid. anticodon is the bottom of a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on mRNA. Explain the structure of tRNA and how it binds to codons ANS: tRNA molecule has a distinctive folded structure with three hairpin loops that form the shape of a three-leafed clover. Explain the three stages of translation (initiation, elongation, termination) and state where it occurs in the cell ANS: Initiation: this is the beginning stage and is where the ribosomes get together with the mRNA and 1st tRNA Elongation: is the middle of the process and amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA and are linked together. Termination: is the end and the ending polypeptide is released State the individual who first viewed DNA ANS: Miescher was the 1st person to view DNA Explain Griffith's Experiment ANS: Isolated and cultured two different bacteria strains (Rough and Smooth) Explain the Hershey and Chase Experiment ANS: Used radioisotopes to separately label protein and DNA State the three parts of a nucleotide ANS: sugar dioxiribose a base phosphate group Know the difference between purines and pyrimidines ANS: Purines: 2 ring nitrogen base structure Pyrimidines: 1 ring nitrogen base structure Know which nucleotides are purines and which are pyrimidines ANS: Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine Understand the double helix structure of DNA including Antiparallel sugar-phosphate backbone with 3' and 5' ends; Hydrogen bonds between bases, A=T and G=C ANS: The two strands are anti parellel and they run opposite directions Explain how Chargaff, Franklin, and Watson and Crick contributed to determining the structure of DNA ANS: Chargaff knew how big DNA was and said that A pairs with T and G with C, Franklin used X Ray to look at the DNA structure Watson and Crick came up with the model so the world could see it State the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology and be able to draw it ANS: replication- Dna, transcription- Rna and translation- Proteins Explain Semi-conservative DNA replication including: ANS: Helicase enzymes unwind DNA in both direction which causes a replication bubble; without the helicase, DNA polymerase cannot be attached and add the new nucleuses it can be done in only one direction. Define cloning ANS: a genetic copy Define and compare embryonic and adult stem cells ANS: Embryonic: they are only there for 4-5 days after birth; they are all the same Adult Stem Cells: they are all over your body but are different