AMC MCQ Questions And Answers 2023 Update

AMC MCQ Questions And Answers 2023 Update What are the weight formulae in different age groups? - ANS-0-12 months weight in kg = (0.5 x age in months) + 4 1-5 years weight in kg = (2 x age in years) + 8 6-12 years weight in kg = (3 x age in years) + 7 Respiratory rate at rest by age - ANS-Age (years) Respiratory rate (breath / min) <1 year 30 - 40 /min 1-2 years 25 - 35 / min 2-5 years 25 - 30 / min 5- 12 years 20 - 25 / min > 12 years 15 - 20 / min Heart rate at rest by age - ANS-Age ( years) Heart rate (beats / min) < 1 years 110 - 160 / min 1-2 years 100-150 / min 2-5 years 95 - 140 / min 5 - 12 years 80 - 120 / min > 12 years 60 - 100 / min Target oxygen saturation levels for newborn infants during resuscitation - ANS-Time from birth Oxygen saturation (%) 1 min 60 to 70 % 2 min 65 to 85 % 3 min 70 to 90 % 4 min 75 to 90 % 5 min 80 to 90 % 10 min 85 to 90 % Causes of pancreatitis •ethanol and biliary disease accounts for 70% - ANS-I GET SMASHED •Idiopathic •Gall stones •Ethanol •Trauma •Steroids •Mumps and other viruses (EBV, CMV, HIV) •Autoimmune diseases (SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, pregnancy) •Scorpion stings •Hypercalcaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypothermia, hypotension (ischemia) •ERCP, emboli •Drugs (SAND + MR VET) - sulphasalazine, azathioprine, NSAIDS, diuretics + metronidazole, raniditine, valproate, erthyromycin, tetracyclines Contraindications to discharge a newborn after birth home - ANS-Weight loss > 10% in the early neonatal period is a reason not to discharge a baby home. However, weight loss < 10% is normal. Other reasons not to discharge a baby home are suspected baby neglect or abuse, suspected domestic violence, a court order or in case the mother was drug addict to examine withdrawal symptoms. Absence seizure - ANS-Absence seizure is main seizure type in 15-20 % of children with epilepsy (means 15-20% of epilepsy in children are absence seizures). Usually onset is between 4 to 8 years or adolescence. 60 to 75 % have spontaneous remission during adolescence. Typical is a brief lap of consciousness often with behavioral arrest with that may occur a hundred times a day. Most of the time the child is not aware of the of the presence of the seizure. Typical absence seizures are often associated with generalized tonic clonic seizures. EEG: Generalised 3 Hertz spike and slow discharge. Clostridium infections The five main species responsible for disease in humans are? - ANS-1. Clostridium difficile causes watery diarrhea, colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis often after antibiotic therapy 2. a)Clostridium perfringens is the third most common cause of foodborne illness, with poorly prepared meat and poultry, or food properly prepared but left to stand too long, the main culprits in harboring the bacterium. The clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) mediating the disease is heat-labile (inactivated at 74 °C). Incubation time is between six and 24 (commonly 10-12) hours. C. perfringens forms spores that can withstand cooking temperatures, if cooked food is let stand for long enough, germination can ensue and infective bacterial colonies develop. Symptoms typically include abdominal cramping, diarrhea; vomiting and fever. The whole course usually resolves within 24 hours. Very rare, fatal cases of clostridial necrotizing enteritis. b)Clostridium perfringens is the most common bacterial agent for gas gangrene, which is necrosis, putrefaction of tissues, and gas production. It is caused primarily by Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin 3. Clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism. 4. Clostridium tetani is the causative organism of tetanus. 5. Clostridium sordellii can cause a fatal infection in exceptionally rare cases after medical abortions What are Clostridium in regard to microbiology? - ANS-Clostridium is a genus of Grampositive bacteria. They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. The normal, reproducing cells of Clostridium, called the vegetative form, are rod-shaped, which gives them their name, from the Greek κλωστήρ or spindle. Clostridium endospores have a distinct bowling pin or bottle shape, distinguishing them from other bacterial endospores, which are usually ovoid in shape. Clostridium species inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans.[ What are the signs of serotonin syndrome? - ANS- Continues...