Developmental Biology Final Exam
cell theory -Ans> all living organisms consist of cells, cells are generated through other
cells
Characteristics of offspring are determined by: -Ans> the germ cells
mutations in somatic cells -Ans> do not affect germline
Mosaic Model -Ans> factors in cell will determine what cell will become; factors are
unequally distributed
Wilhelm Roux Experiment -Ans> consistent with Mosaic Model; kill off determinants and
only the ones left will develop
Hans Driesch Regulative Development -Ans> kill of determinants and separate them
from living cells, new organism will develop; not consistent with Mosaic Model
What plays a role in different types of cleavage? -Ans> the yolk
Two major classes of cleavage -Ans> Holoblastic cleavage and Meroblastic cleavage
Types of Holoblastic cleavage -Ans> Isolecithal and Mesolecithal
Types of Meroblastic cleavage -Ans> Telolecithal and Centrolecithal
Type of cleavage in mammals -Ans> isolecithal
type of cleavage in frogs -Ans> mesolecithal
Type of cleavage in chicks -Ans> Telolecithal
Types of cleavage in Drosophila -Ans> Centrolecithal
Organization of cellular activity in space and time for the formation of structure or
pattern within the embryo -Ans> Morphogenesis
Embryo before gastrulation and after cleavage -Ans> Blastula
First opening of blastopore is the mouth -Ans> Protostome
First opening of blastopore is the anus -Ans> Deuterostome
The dramatic restructuring of the embryo mainly by celll migrations to form layers and
gut in the embryo -Ans> Gastrulation
, The process by which cells become structurally and functionally different from one
another -Ans> cell differentiation
Differentiation is generated by differences in: -Ans> gene expression
Fate -Ans> expected outcome during development
a stable change in the internal state of the cell such that the cell's fate is now fixed -
Ans> determination
cell is able to develop autonomously when placed in neutral environments -Ans>
specification
A signal from one cell or tissue influences the development of other cells/tissues -Ans>
inductive interactions
cells can acquire an identity based on: -Ans> their position
Morphogen -Ans> a substance involved in pattern formation whose spatial
concentration varies and to which cells respond different at different concentration
levels
Stem cells that can give rise to many cell types but not the whole embryo -Ans>
Pluripotent stem cells
Stem cells that can become the embryo and extraembryonic cells -Ans> Totipotent stem
cells
related genes that have descended from a common ancestral gene. Have similar DNA
and amino acid sequences -Ans> homologous genes
Syncytium -Ans> cell with multiple nuclei and a common cytoplasm
Segmentation becomes visible during: -Ans> germ-band extension
Acron -Ans> anterior specialized structure
Telson -Ans> posterior specialized structure
Denticles -Ans> small tooth-like outgrowths from the surface of the larva
AP axis in embryo is divided into: -Ans> parasegments
individual developmental units that give rise to segments -Ans> parasegments
cell theory -Ans> all living organisms consist of cells, cells are generated through other
cells
Characteristics of offspring are determined by: -Ans> the germ cells
mutations in somatic cells -Ans> do not affect germline
Mosaic Model -Ans> factors in cell will determine what cell will become; factors are
unequally distributed
Wilhelm Roux Experiment -Ans> consistent with Mosaic Model; kill off determinants and
only the ones left will develop
Hans Driesch Regulative Development -Ans> kill of determinants and separate them
from living cells, new organism will develop; not consistent with Mosaic Model
What plays a role in different types of cleavage? -Ans> the yolk
Two major classes of cleavage -Ans> Holoblastic cleavage and Meroblastic cleavage
Types of Holoblastic cleavage -Ans> Isolecithal and Mesolecithal
Types of Meroblastic cleavage -Ans> Telolecithal and Centrolecithal
Type of cleavage in mammals -Ans> isolecithal
type of cleavage in frogs -Ans> mesolecithal
Type of cleavage in chicks -Ans> Telolecithal
Types of cleavage in Drosophila -Ans> Centrolecithal
Organization of cellular activity in space and time for the formation of structure or
pattern within the embryo -Ans> Morphogenesis
Embryo before gastrulation and after cleavage -Ans> Blastula
First opening of blastopore is the mouth -Ans> Protostome
First opening of blastopore is the anus -Ans> Deuterostome
The dramatic restructuring of the embryo mainly by celll migrations to form layers and
gut in the embryo -Ans> Gastrulation
, The process by which cells become structurally and functionally different from one
another -Ans> cell differentiation
Differentiation is generated by differences in: -Ans> gene expression
Fate -Ans> expected outcome during development
a stable change in the internal state of the cell such that the cell's fate is now fixed -
Ans> determination
cell is able to develop autonomously when placed in neutral environments -Ans>
specification
A signal from one cell or tissue influences the development of other cells/tissues -Ans>
inductive interactions
cells can acquire an identity based on: -Ans> their position
Morphogen -Ans> a substance involved in pattern formation whose spatial
concentration varies and to which cells respond different at different concentration
levels
Stem cells that can give rise to many cell types but not the whole embryo -Ans>
Pluripotent stem cells
Stem cells that can become the embryo and extraembryonic cells -Ans> Totipotent stem
cells
related genes that have descended from a common ancestral gene. Have similar DNA
and amino acid sequences -Ans> homologous genes
Syncytium -Ans> cell with multiple nuclei and a common cytoplasm
Segmentation becomes visible during: -Ans> germ-band extension
Acron -Ans> anterior specialized structure
Telson -Ans> posterior specialized structure
Denticles -Ans> small tooth-like outgrowths from the surface of the larva
AP axis in embryo is divided into: -Ans> parasegments
individual developmental units that give rise to segments -Ans> parasegments
