Human Growth and Development Chapters 1 and 2|62 questions and answers.

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that Begins at conception and continues through the life-span The ____ approach to study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood and decline in old age. Traditional Approach Life expectancy has increased by ____ years during the 20th century. 30 years The life expectancy in the United States is currently 78 years of age The maximum life span of humans 122 years _____ means the capacity for change Plasticity Which type of influence is most likely to be common to people of a particular generation? Normative history-graded influences _____ are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the individual's life. Non normative life events Nonormative life events: *Death of parent when kid is young *Winning the lottery *Pregnancy at young age *House fire ___ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. Culture These comparisons provide information about the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures or is instead culture-specific Cross-cultural studies Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to: grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics Two concepts help provide a framework of describing and understanding an individual's development: Development Process and Periods of Development ___ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence and language. Cognitive Process The connection across biological, cognitive and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of: Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Developmental Social Neuroscience A developmental period refers to: A time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features The ___ period is the time from conception to birth Infancy The developmental period that runs from approximately 40 years of age to about 60 years of age is Middle Adulthood ___ has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this age group has been increasing dramatically. Late Adulthood Life-span developmentalist who focus on adult development and aging increasingly describe life-span development in terms of four ages. The "third age" in this conceptualization span from Approximately 60-79 years Determining ____ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs. Biological age ___ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individual's of the same chronological age Psychological age In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's___ and nurture to its ____. Organism's biological inheritance (actual development) Environmental experiences The____ issue involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change. Stability-change issue In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to ____ while discontinuity implies___ Gradual cumulative change distinct stages Identify the correct four-step process of followed in the scientific method. 1. conceptualize a process 2. collect research info 3. analyze date 4. draw conclusion A theory may suggest ___ which are specific assertions and predictions that can be tested. Hypothesis ___ Theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Psychoanalytic theories Identify the correct order of the five stages of psychosexual development set out in Freud's theory of development oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital According to Freud, out adult personality is determined by: How we resolve conflict between sources of pleasure and demands of reality The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the ____ theory of development Psychosocial Theory As defined by Erik Erikson a crisis: Turing point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential Erik Erikson's development theory consist of ___ stages that last from birth to____ Eight stages that last from birth to late adulthood The first stage in Erickson's theory is: Trust versus mistrust ____ is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce. Natural selection ___ behavior is behavior that promotes and organism's survival in the natural habitat. Adaptive Behavior ___ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859. Charles Darwin ___ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase and contains genetic information DNA ____ the units of hereditary information are short segments of DNA. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins Genes ___ are building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's process Protein Scientists had thought that humans has as many as 100,000 or more genes but recent research indicates a figure of approximately: 20,500 What are gametes? Male and female reproductive cells ___ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell. Fertilization During the process of ___ the cell's nucleus --- including the chromosomes-- duplicates itself and the cell divide mitosis