Human Growth and Development Practice Questions and answers.

Most stage-based theories of development focus primarily: a. the continuity of development b. the discontinuity of development c. persistance of inherent personality characteristics d. the influence of context on development B. The discontinuity of development These theories address deviations from developmental progress norms The common practice of using "time-outs" with young children is a direct application of: a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. separation-individuation d. maturational reinforcement a. operant conditioning Time-out is a practice of behavioral modification as promulgated by B.F. Skinner's model of operant conditioning, with a negative consequence for an unacceptable condition Good communication between families, schools, and primary care providers is an example of which ecological concept? a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem b. mesosystem A mesosystem is the link or relationship between the various settings (microsystems) within which a child exisits (i.e. home, school ,day care, etc) Which of the following findings would most likely be associated with asymmetric intrauterine growth retardation? a. weight, length and head circumference ranging from 3rd to 5th percentile b. heavy maternal smoking throughout pregnancy c. weight at 3rd percentile and length at 25th percentile d. gestational diabetes c. weight at 3rd percentile and length at 25th percentile The weight and length are at significantly different percentiles; if the IUGR were symmetrical, these would be at the same percentile Early reflexive responses that are not related to survival include all but: a. babinski b. moro c. swimming d. rooting d. rooting Rooting (i.e. moving the head to locate the nipple) is a key survival reflex The most likely weight of a 1 year old child whose birth weight was 6 1/2 pounds would be what? a. 19-20 lbs. b. 13-14 lbs. c. 25-26 lbs d. impossible to estimate a. 19-20 lbs. An infant's weight should approximately triple by the age of 1 year One of the major psychosocial tasks of infancy is: a. development of secure attachment b. separation-individuation c. symbiosis d. regulation a. development of secure attachment The development of an infant-caregiver bond is key to the prevention of long-term psychological effects associated with deprivation and/or failure to develop secure, stable bonds Most healthy infants are able to reach, grasp and hold on to a rattle or other small toy by about: a. 2 months b. 6 months c. 8 months d. 10 months b. 6 months These are gross developmental norms associated with the 6-month-old child The pincer grasp is a fine motor skill that involves the ability to pick up a small object, such as a raisin or piece of cereal, with the thumb and forefinger and that usually is mastered around: a. 4 months b. 6 months c. 8 months d. 10 months c. 8 months This is a developmental norm for a child of 9 months You would be concerned about the language development of a child who: a. repeat simple phrases at 32 months b. stutters when excited or tired at the age of 7 years c. has a vocabulary of 10 words at 12 months d. pronounces words that are not understandable at 24 months b. stutters when excited or tired at the age of 7 years Stuttering associated with fatigue or excitement is not unusual in a preschooler but may indicate a more pervasive problem in a 7 year old The most common temperamental profile is: a. easy b. difficult c. slow-to-warm-up d. intermediate a. easy About 40% of children are described as having an easy (rhythmic, approachable, adaptive) temperament The underlying emotion of an insecurely attached (avoidant) relationship is: a. ambivalence b. deprivation c. anger d. conditional love c. anger Attachment is the bond that develops throughout the first year of life; underlying anger characterizes avoidance or an insecure bond The stage of cognitive development that Piaget described as characteristic of the way preschoolers think is the: a. preoperational stage b. mental combinations stage c. tertiary circular function stage d. sensorimotor stage a. preoperational stage Piaget characterizes preschoolers as preoperational thinkers A preschool boy whose parents have separated and are beginning divorce procedures: a. may think that he caused the divorce by misbehaving b. should not be told of the impending divorce until the parents are sure of their decision c. is likely to experience gender identity confusion d. should be able to make a decision about which parent he prefers living with a. may think that he caused the divorce by misbehaving Preschoolers are characterized by egocentrism; they think the world revolves around them and that everything that happens is because they did or did not do something Which behavior would you expect to decrease during the preschool years? a. rough-and-tumble play b. instrumental aggression c. hostile aggression d. cooperative play b. instrumental aggression Preschoolers strongly defend what is "theirs," be it a toy or a space or a special privilege; this aggression wanes as they begin to understand sharing and appropriate impulse control A preschool child who says that the sky is blue because it is his favorite color is illustrating the concept of: a. symbolic thinking b. egocentrism c. centration d. imaginary audience b. egocentrism Egocentrism is the hallmark of preschoolers; there is little they think they do not control, from the weather to the color of the sky Which of the following issues or concepts is relevant to the school-aged child? a. operational thinking b. initiative c. concrete operations d. separation-individuation c. concrete operations Concrete operational thinking is key to successful adaptation to school. It involves the concepts of reversibility, conservation, classification and seriation. The first physical sign indicating the onset of female puberty is: a. sparsely distributed, fine, pale pubic hairs b. breast buds c. menarche d. peak height velocity b. breast buds The first sign of female puberty is the development of breast buds, closely followed by the development of pubic hair. Peak height velocity and menarche generally occur at age 12 1/2 years Which of the following scenarios is suggestive of a child who may not be ready to enter first grade? An inability to: a. recognize six colors and remember one's phone number b. accurately use pronouns c. empathize with others d. count to five and draw a person with three parts d. count to five and draw a person with three parts Children entering first grade should have the requisite skills to master the tasks they encounter. This includes language, fine and gross motor skills and personal and social skills. At this age, the child should be able to draw a person with at least six parts and count to 10 or more. The mother of a 5-year-old is concerned that her son often cheats when playing board games with his older sister. What is the most appropriate response to the child's behavior? a. encourage the parent to use 5-minute time-outs when cheating occurs b. explain that the child is developmentally unable to comprehend rigid rules c. make sure that the child understands the rules before starting to play the game d. tell the parent to explain to the child that cheating is like lying and not an acceptable behavior b. explain that the child is developmentally unable to comprehend rigid rules Developmentally, the concept of cheating is not well understood until 7 years of age. The idea of playing fairly to ensure everyone an equal chance occurs with maturity and the ability to differentiate among moral choices While listening to a 2 1/2 year old child talk, you note that she frequently omits final consonants, and her sentences are two to three words in length. The appropriate plan of care would be: a. routine follow up at next well-child visit b. referral to hearing screen c. assessing for developmental delays d. referral to a speech pathologist a. routine follow up at next well-child visit Children aged 2-3 years have several articulation dysfluencies, among them is the dropping of final consonants. Two to three word sentences are normal for the 24 to 30 month old child You would expect a school-age child to: a. grow 1.5 inches per year b. grow 0.5 inches per year c. gain about 6 pounds per year d. gain about 3 pounds per year c. gain about 6 pounds per year The recognized standard to physical growth of school-age children is to gain 5-7 pounds per year and grow about 2.5 inches per year During an 8-month-old's physical examination, the father boasts that the child is going to be a left-handed batter since he prefers doing everything with his left hand. The appropriate response would be: a. ask if others in the family are left handed b. suggest play activities that require using both hands c. present toys more often to the right hand d. perform a careful neurological examination d. perform a careful neurological examination Handedness before a year is cause for concern and may indicate cerebral palsy. A neurological examination is indicated. The examiner should carefully assess for increase in deep tendon reflexes and tone.