ATI mobility test| 17 questions fully solved

ambulation ability to walk from place to place independently Musculoskeletal The word musculoskeletal is a general term used when referring to the muscles and the skeleton. The muscular system ØComprised of the muscles which provide the motor power or force for movement ØMore than 600 muscles in the human body ØAccounts for half a person's weight ØWhen contracted across a joint, creates a force to pull against the skeleton Is always working and has a high demand for oxygen and glucose, making it difficult to build and maintain The four properties of a muscle (CEEE) ØC: Contractibility: the ability to shorten (contract) and then relax ØE: Excitability: muscle fibers can receive and respond to nerve or hormone stimulation. A resting muscle is negatively charged. When stimulated (excited), it becomes positively charged and active. ØE: Extensibility: the ability to stretch (extend) which occurs simultaneously as other muscles contract ØE: Elasticity: the ability to bounce back or recoil to its original state after being contracted or extended Three main muscle types ØCardiac: only located in the heart and functions involuntarily ØSmooth: located in the blood vessels and the visceral organs and functions involuntarily ØSkeletal: attached to the skeleton (bones) by tendons and functions voluntarily Functions of a muscle: useful mnemonic M: muscles C: contract and P: pull to G: generate M: movement The skeletal system ØMade up of 206 different bones ØBones are hard connective tissue that provide the rigid structure and shape of the human body. ØBones are the weight-bearing organ of the body. ØBones mechanically protect and support internal organs and muscles and store important minerals. ØBones are not solid structures but are, instead, composed of layers. ØGives the body shape and structure, but cannot move on its own Classifications of Bones ØLong: weight bearing bones of the skeleton that are greater in length than width ØShort: small, cube-shaped bones found in the wrists and the ankles ØFlat: thin, flat, and slightly curved bones in the skull, ribs, sternum, and shoulder that protect the brain and the internal organs ØIrregular: a unique shape unlike the other patterns, found in the face, ears, vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx Sesamoid:formed within a tendon and protect the tendon from joint stress and strain. These bones include the patella and the carpals in the hands and feet remodeling Once bones have matured, they undergo the process of __________ where old bone is constantly being replaced with new bone. Cartilage is a firm, yet flexible connective tissue found in many areas such as the ears, nose, larynx, ribs, intervertebral discs, knees, and ankles. type of movement ØFlexion: bend; reduces the angle between the bones ØExtension: straighten the limb ØAbduction: move away from baseline ØAdduction: bring closer to baseline ØPronation: turning to face backwards ØSupination: turning to face forward ØCircumduction: circular motion ØRotation: side-to-side ØInversion: turn inward ØEversion: turn outward ØDorsiflexion: draw toes upward towards the body Plantarflexion:point toes downward away from the body Body mechanics ØInvolves the combined effort from the musculoskeletal and nervous systems to maintain posture, alignment, and balance in daily life. ØThe correct use includes knowledge in the coordination of efficient body movement and the integrated function of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems to maximize strength and minimize strain. ØProper body mechanics is good posture in motion. Types of postural misalignments ØLordosis: lower back significantly curves inward with the pelvis tilting anteriorly ØKyphosis: upper back is abnormally rounded with a forward tilt in the pelvis ØFlat back: a loss in the curvature to the spine referred to as straight back ØSway back: the back extends backward while the lower back abnormally curves inward and the pelvis tilts forward, positioning the head in front of the pelvis; results from loss of muscle tone in the abdomen and lower back, which allows the spine to sag ØScoliosis: c- or s-shaping of the spine Immobility ØImmobility is an inability to move one or more body parts. ØProlonged immobility is detrimental to the body, negatively affecting all major systems in a critical cascade to dependency. ØThe initial impacts of immobility on joints are stiffness, pain, and limited range of motion, especially in the shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, and ankles. ØProlonged immobilization causes the formation of fibrofatty connective tissue and abnormal adhesions within and between the joint space, which restricts nourishment to joints. ØProlonged bedrest, standing, or sitting causes the blood flow to slow (venous stasis), increasing the risk for blood clots.