Humber Admissions Test |182 questions and answers.

Evolution Change in the inherited traits in a population of organisms over time. Ecology How organisms interact with each other and the environment Natural selection A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. Theory of evolution Created by Charles Darwin, organisms pass on their DNA to their offspring; avoiding close relatives for more variety. Microeveolution The change in the inherited traits in a population of organisms within a single species over time (ie. bacteria gaining the ability to withstand/resist antibiotics and survive) Macroevolution Production of new species via thousands-to-millions of years of microevolution (ie Finches in the Galapagos have different beaks depending on the bird's respective needs for survival). Artificial selection Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms (ie. dog breeds) Prokaryotic cell A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. Eukaryotic cells Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls. Endoplasmic Reticulum A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and lipids are carried from one part of the cell to another. Smooth ER function Lipid synthesis Rough ER function Protein synthesis Golgi apparatus A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins and lipids for export by the cell Nucleus A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction Nuclear membrane Surrounds the nucleus Nucleoplasm Fluid inside the nucleus Nulceolus Where ribosomes are assembled Ribosomes Made up of RNA; this aids in protein synthesis around the rough ER or in the cytoplasm Lysosomes An organelle containing digestive enzymes Plasma membrane A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells Phospholipids A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. Proteins Embedded in the bilayer of the cell membrane Cholesterol Provides strength and fluidity to the cell membrane Carbohydrates Connected to the protein found in the cell membrane, they help with cell communication Centrioles Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Flagella Whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement (ie. sperm cells) Cilia Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion Passive transport the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell; from a high concentration to a low concentration Osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Isotonic solution Equal concentrations of water inside and outside the cell to maintain a healthy cell shape Hypotonic solution More water inside the cell; less outside Hypertonic solution Less water inside the cell; more outside. This will cause the water to flow into the cell until it bursts. Active transport The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy; from a low concentration to a high concentration until it reaches disequilibrium. Bulk transport Moves large molecules and particles across plasma membrane through means called phagocytosis or pinocytosis Phagocytosis Cell eating Pinocytosis Cell drinking Cellular respiration The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food Aerobic respiration Cellular respiration that requires oxygen anerobic respiration/fermentation Cellular respiration that does not require oxygen Glycolysis the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid; occurs in the cytoplasm Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions