PHLT 304 EXAM 4 Questions With Verified Answers

NTDs - Answer Neglected Tropical Diseases A number of NTDs are caused by - Answer worms and protozoa NTDs typically persist only in the - Answer poorest All low-income countries are affected by at least _______ NTDs - Answer 5 CDC's Targeted NTDs - Answer • Lymphatic filariasis • Onchocerciasis (oncho or river blindness) • Shistosomiasis (bilharzia, snail fever) • Soil transmitted helminths • Trachoma • Guinea worm disease (Dracunculiasis) LF - Answer Lymphatic Filariasis LF infection caused by a _______________________, and transmitted by ________________________ - Answer parasitic worm mosquitoes LF can cause - Answer permanent disability including swollen limbs, genital damage, or swollen limbs with thickened, hardened skin Individuals with severe symptoms of LF are often - Answer disabled & may suffer severe social stigma and rejection by communities River blindness - Answer Onchocerciasis Onchocerciasis infection caused by ____________ and transmitted by ____________ - Answer worms black flies Onchocerciasis symptoms - Answer • Intense itching • Disfiguring skin lesions • Eye disease that can cause blindness Schistosomiasis is caused by - Answer parasitic worm in fresh water Schistosomiasis infection through - Answer skin contact with the water Symptoms of Schistosomiasis - Answer - blood in urine - anemia - bladder cancer - kidney and liver problems Guinea worm disease is caused by - Answer drinking untreated, unfiltered water containing the parasite Dracunculus medinensis Guinea worm disease treatment - Answer No effective drug treatment & no vaccine Guinea worm disease symptoms develop about _______ after exposure - Answer 1 year Guinea worm disease symptoms - Answer fever, rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness If worm breaks during removal of Guinea worm disease, can cause - Answer intense inflammation, swelling & pain Guinea worm disease has a low death rate but - Answer often disabling, particularly during worm removal & recovery STHs - Answer Soil-transmitted Helminths STHs are acquired through contact with - Answer soil contaminated with infected feces STHs symptoms - Answer • Anemia • Vitamin A deficiency • Malnutrition and impaired growth • Delayed development • Intestinal blockages Round worms (ascaris) symptoms - Answer • Often no symptoms • Can cause abdominal pain, intestinal blockage, and impair growth Round worms (ascaris) can migrate through body to - Answer lungs and cause coughing Necator americanus - Answer Hookworm Hookworms can penetrate to - Answer human skin Hookworms symptoms - Answer - itching and rash - fatigue - cognitive growth Protozoans - Answer - Microscopic, one-celled organism - Free-living or parasitic 4 groups of Protozoans - Answer 1. ciliates 2. amoebas 3. flagellates 4. Organisms whose adult stage is not motile Chagas disease infection often acquired through contact with - Answer • the feces of an infected kissing bug that often lives in poor housing conditions • can have mother-to-baby transmission Mexico, Central America, and South America: an estimated __________________ people are infected with Chagas disease - Answer 8 million is found in every continent except Australia & Antarctica - Answer Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis vector - Answer sand flies Is Malaria an NTD? - Answer NO Malaria is a - Answer Mosquito-borne disease caused by 4 species of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium Malaria is transmitted by - Answer the female Anopheles mosquitoes Malaria WHO Global Technical Strategy - 3 Pillars: - Answer 1) Ensure universal access to malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment 2) Accelerate efforts towards elimination and attainment of malaria-free status 3) Transform malaria surveillance into a core intervention Toxoplasmosis is caused by - Answer protozoan parasite Toxoplasmosis infects most species of - Answer warm-blooded animals, including humans Toxoplasmosis: at most risk - Answer infant, immune compromised, pregnant Toxoplasmosis is an important cause of death from - Answer food-borne illness Toxoplasmosis transmission - Answer • Undercooked contaminated meat • Food or water contaminated by cat feces • Contact with contaminated soil • Blood transfusion • Transplacentally from mother to fetus Key waterborne protozoan pathogens - Answer • Cryptosporidium • Giardia lamblia • Naegleria fowleri Cryptosporidium is in - Answer contaminated water Cryptosporidium causes - Answer diarrhea Cryptosporidium is tolerant to - Answer chlorination Cryptosporidium is a problem in the - Answer USA Giardia lamblia is a problem where? - Answer globally Giardia lamblia is caused by - Answer contaminated food or water Giardia lamblia is tolerant to - Answer chlorination Naegleria fowleri is caused by - Answer primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) affects the CNS - Answer Naegleria fowleri Naegleria fowleri is rare but almost always - Answer fatal The _______________ is the "forgotten organ" that plays a critical role in health and disease - Answer gut microbiota Important Homeostatic Functions of the Gut Microbiota - Answer Metabolic Role Deconjugation of bile acids Prevention of colonization by pathogens Immunologic effects At birth the entire intestinal tract is - Answer sterile Infant gut is colonized by _____________ and ____________ bacteria during _________ and through _____________ - Answer maternal environmental birth feeding & other contacts By age 2.5 years, the microbiota is similar to that of an _________, with a __________ of bacterial species - Answer adult variety composition of the flora is influenced by - Answer age, diet, socioeconomic conditions Antibiotics have the potential to profoundly impact the - Answer microbiota Microbiota help protect the host from - Answer colonization by pathogenic species Most bacterias ______________ cause disease in humans - Answer don't Beneficial bacteria is a - Answer microbiome in the body can help prevent growth of other more dangerous bacteria Pathogens cause - Answer disease Aerobic bacteria - Answer needs oxygen Anaerobic bacteria - Answer have trouble living/growing in the presence of oxygen Facultative bacteria - Answer can live/grow with or without oxygen