MCN RLE WEEK 1-2 EXAM |67 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS(VERIFIED FOR ACCURACY)

Health promotion -Educating clients to be aware of good health through teaching and role modeling Health maintenance -Intervening to maintain health when risk of illness is present Health restoration Promptly diagnosing and treating illness using interventions that will return client to wellness most rapidly. Health rehabilitation Preventing further complications from an illness; bringing an ill client back to an optimal state of wellness or helping a client to accept inevitable death Clinical nurse specialists are nurses prepared at the master's or doctorate degree level who are capable of acting as consultants in their area of expertise, as well as serving as role models, researchers, and teachers of quality nursing care. Neonatal nurse specialists-manage the care of infants at birth and in intensive care settings; they provide home follow-up care to ensure the newborn remains well. Childbirth educators teach families about normal birth and how to prepare for labor and birth. Lactation consultants-educate women about breastfeeding and support them while they learn how to do this. Genetic nurse counselors-consult with families about patterns of inheritance and offer support to families with a child who has inherited a genetic disorder. Case Manager a graduate-level nurse who supervises a group of patients from the time they enter a health care setting until they are discharged from the setting. Case management can be a vastly satisfying nursing role, because if the healthcare setting is "seamless," or one that follows people both during an illness and on their return to the community, Nurse practitioners are nurses educated at the master's or doctoral level. Recent advances in technology, research, and knowledge have amplified the need for longer and more in-depth education for nurse practitioners as they play pivotal roles in today's health care system. Women's Health Nurse Practitioner has advanced study in the promotion of health and prevention of illness in women. Such a nurse plays a vital rolein educating women about their bodies and sharing with them methods to prevent illness; in addition, they care for women with illnesses such as sexually transmitted infections, and offer information and counsel them about reproductive life planning. Pediatric Nurse Practitioner(PNP) is a nurse preparedwith extensive skills in physical assessment, interviewing,and well-child counseling andcare. In this role, a nurse interviews parents as part of an extensive health history andperforms a physical assessment of the child. If the PNP determines that a child has a common illness (such as iron deficiency anemia), he or she orders the necessary laboratory tests and prescribes appropriate drugs for therapy. If the PNP determines that the child has a major illness (such as congenital subluxated hip, kidney disease, heart disease), he or she consults with an associated pediatrician; together. Neonatal Nurse Practitioner is an advanced-practice role for nurses who are skilled in the care of newborns, both well andill. NNPs may work in level 1, level 2, or level 3 newborn nurseries, neonatal follow-up clinics, or physician groups. Family Nurse Practitioner(FNP) (FNP) is an advanced-practice role that provides health care not only to women and children but also to the family as a whole. In conjunction with a physician, an FNP can provide prenatal care for a woman with an uncomplicated pregnancy. Certified Nurse-Midwife (CNM) is an individual educated in the two disciplines of nursing and midwifery and an important role in assisting women with pregnancy and childbearing. Either independently or in association with a physician, the nurse-midwife assumes full responsibility for the care and management of women with uncomplicated pregnancies. (CNM) is an individual educated in the two disciplines of nursing and midwifery and an important role in assisting women with pregnancy and childbearing. Either independently or in association with a physician, the nurse-midwife assumes full responsibility for the care and management of women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Intrauterine Development- The sex of an individual is determined at the moment of conception by the chromosome information supplied by the particular ovum and sperm that joined to create the new life. gonad is a body organ that produces the cells necessary for reproduction (the ovary in females, the testis in males). At approximately week 5 of intrauterine life, primitive gonadal tissueis already formed. Male mesonephric (wolffian) Female paramesonephric (müllerian)ducts Pubertal Development Puberty is the stage of life at which secondary sex changes begin. These changes are stimulated when the hypothalamus synthesizes and releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn triggers the anterior pituitary to begin the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH and LH initiate the production of androgen and estrogen, which in turn initiate secondary sex characteristics, the visible signs of maturity. Role of Androgen Androgenic hormones are the hormones responsible for muscular development, physical growth, and the increase in sebaceous gland secretions that causes typical acne in both boys and girls. In males, androgenic hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex and the testes; in females, by the adrenal cortex and the ovaries. Role of Estrogen When triggered at puberty by FSH, ovarian follicles in females begin to excrete a high level of the hormone estrogen.This hormone is actually not one substance but threecompounds (estrone [E1], estradiol [E2], and estriol [E3]). (Tanner, 1990). Adolescent sexual development is categorized into stages by_______________ Scrotum is a rugated, skin-covered, muscularpouch suspended from the perineum. Its functions are to support the testes and to help regulate the temperature of sperm. In very cold weather, the scrotal muscle contracts to bring thetestes closer to the body; in very hot weather, or in the presence of fever, the muscle relaxes, allowing the testes to fallaway from the body. Testes are two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm wide, thatlie in the scrotum. Each testis is encased by a protective white fibrous capsule and is composed of several lobules, with each lobule containing interstitial cells (Leydig's cells)and a seminiferous tubule. spermatozoa. Seminiferous tubules produce _________________ Leydig's cells _____________________are responsible for the production of testosterone. Penis. _______________ composed of three cylindrical masses oferectile tissue in the penis shaft: two termed thecorpus cavernosa, and a third termed the corpus spongiosum. The urethra passes through these layers of erectile tissue, making thepenis serve as the outlet for both the urinary and the reproductive tracts in men. At the distal end of the organ is a bulging, sensitive ridgeof tissue, the glans. A retractable casing of skin, the prepuce, protects the nerve-sensitive glans at birth. Epididymis he seminiferous tubule of each testis leads to atightly coiled tube, the epididymis, which is responsible forconducting sperm from the tubule to the vas deferens, thenext step in the passage to the outside. Because each epididymis is so tightly coiled, its length is extremely deceptive:it is actually over 20 ft long. Some sperm are stored in the epididymis, and a portion of the alkaline fluid that will surround sperm at maturity (semen, or seminal fluid that contains a basic sugar and mucin, a form of protein) is producedby the cells lining the epididymis. Sperm are immobile and incapable of fertilization as theypass or are stored at the epididymis level. It takes at least 12to 20 days for them to travel the length of the epididymis and a total of 64 days for them to reach maturity. aspermia absence of sperm oligospermia low sperm count, 20 million sperm/mL Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) s an additional hollow tube surrounded by arteries and veins andprotected by a thick fibrous coating. It carries sperm from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity, where it ends at the seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts. Sperm mature as they pass through the vas deferens. Vasectomy _____________________-(severing of the vas deferens to prevent passageof sperm) is a popular means of male birth control (Cook et al., 2009). Seminal Vesicles are two convoluted pouches that lie along the lower portion of the posterior surface of the bladder and empty into the urethra by way of the ejaculatory ducts. These glands secrete a viscous alkaline liquid that has a high sugar, protein, and prostaglandin content. Sperm become increasingly motile with this added fluid, because it surrounds them with nutrients and a more favorable pH. Ejaculatory Ducts The two _____________ pass through the prostate gland and join the seminal vesicles to the urethra. Prostate Gland is a chestnut-sized gland thatlies just below the bladder. The urethra passes through the center of it, like the hole in a doughnut. The _________________ secretes a thin, alkaline fluid. When added to the secretion from the seminal vesicles and the accompanying sperm from the epididymis, this alkaline fluid further Bulbourethral Glands two _______________or Cowper's glands lie beside the prostate gland and empty via short ducts into the urethra. Like the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, they secrete an alkaline fluid that helps counteract the acid secretion of the urethra and ensure the safe passage of spermatozoa. Urethra is a hollow tube leading from the baseof the bladder, which, after passing through the prostate gland, continues to the outside through theshaft and glans of the penis. It is approximately 8 in (18 to 20 cm) long. Mons Veneris is a pad of adipose tissue located over the symphysis pubis, the pubic bone joint. It is covered by a triangle of coarse, curly hairs. The purpose of the mons veneris is to protect the junction of the pubic bone from trauma. Labia Minora. -just posterior to the mons veneris spread two hairless folds of connective tissue, the labia minora. Before menarche, these folds are fairly small; by childbearing age, they are firm and full; after menopause, they atrophy and again become much smaller. Labia Majora . The _____________ are two folds of adipose tissue covered by loose connective tissue and epithelium that are positioned lateral to the labia minora. Covered by pubic hair, the ________________ serve as protection for the external genitalia and the distal urethra and vagina. Vestibule -is the flattened, smooth surface inside the labia. The openings to the bladder (the urethra) and the uterus (the vagina) both arise from the ___________ Clitoris -is a small (approximately 1 to 2 cm), rounded organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora. It is covered by a fold of skin, the prepuce.The clitoris is sensitive to touch and temperature and is the center of sexual arousal and orgasm in a woman. Skene's glands (paraurethral glands) are located just lateral to the urinary meatus, one on each side. Their ducts open into the urethra. Bartholin's glands (vulvovaginalglands) are located just lateral to the vaginal opening on both sides. Their ducts open into the distal vagina. Secretionsfrom both of these glands help to lubricate the external genitalia during coitus. The alkaline pH of their secretions helpsto improve sperm survival in the vagina. Fourchette is the ridge of tissue formed by the posterior joining of the two labia minora and the labia majora. This is the structure that is sometimes cut (episiotomy) during childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening. Hymen is a tough but elastic semicircle of tissue that covers the opening to the vagina in childhood. It is often torn during the time of first sexual intercourse. However, because of the use of tampons and active sports participation, many girls who have not had sexual relations do not have intact hymens at the time of their first pelvic examination. Ovaries. are approximately 4 cm long by 2 cmin diameter and approximately 1.5 cm thick, or the size and shape of almonds. They are grayish white and appear pitted, or with minute indentations on the surface. The function of the two ovaries (the female gonads) is to produce, mature, and discharge ova (the egg cells). In the process, the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone and initiate and regulate menstrual cycles .Ovarianfunction, therefore, is necessary for maturation and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics in females.At birth, eachovary contains approximately 2 million immature ova (oocytes), which were formed during the first 5 months of intrauterine life. By age 7 years, only approximately 500,000 arepresent in each ovary; by 22 years, there are approximately 300,000; and by menopause, none are left (all have either matured or atrophied). Ovaries have three principal divisions:1. Protective layer of surface epithelium2. Cortex, where the immature (primordial) oocytes mature into ova and large amounts of estrogen and progesterone are produced3. Central medulla, which contains the nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic tissue, and some smooth muscle tissue Fallopian Tubes arise from each upper corner of the uterine body and extend outward and backward until each opens at its distal end, next to an ovary. Fallopian tubes are approximately 10 cm long in a mature woman. Their function is to convey the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus and to provide a place for fertilization of the ovum by sperm. interstitial portion , is that part of the tube that lies within the uterine wall. This portion is only about 1 cm in length; the lumen of the tube is only 1 mm in diameter at this point isthmus is the next distal portion. It is approximately 2 cm in length and like the interstitial tube, is extremely narrow. This is the portion of the tube that is cut or sealed in a tubal ligation, or tubal sterilization procedure ampulla is the third and also the longest portion of the tube. It is approximately 5 cm in length. It is inthis portion that fertilization of an ovum usually occurs. infundibular ______________portion is the most distal segment of the tube. It is approximately 2 cm long and is funnel shaped. fimbria the rim of the funnel is covered by ___________ (small hairs) that help to guide the ovum into the fallopian tube Uterus . The _________ is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located in the lower pelvis, posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. During childhood, it is approximately the size of an olive. An adolescent is closer to 17 years old before the uterus reaches its adult size. With maturity,a uterus is approximately 5 to 7 cm long, 5 cm wide, and, in its widest upper part, 2.5 cm deep. In a nonpregnant state, it weighs approximately 60 g. The function of the uterus is to receive the ovum from the fallopian tube; provide a place for implantation and nourishment; furnish protection to a growing fetus; and, at maturity of the fetus, expel it from a woman's body. body of the uterus __________is the uppermost part and forms the bulk of the organ. During pregnancy, the body of the uterus is the portion of the structure that expands to contain the growing fetus. fundus. The portion of the uterus between the points of attachment of the fallopian tubes is termed the ___________ isthmus _________________of the uterus is a short segment between thebody and the cervix. In the nonpregnant uterus, it is only 1 to 2 mm in length. It is the portion of the uterus that is most commonly cutwhen a fetus is born by a cesarean birth. cervix is the lowest portion of the uterus. It representsapproximately one third of the total uterus size and is approximately 2 to 5 cm long.The opening of the canalat the junction of the cervix and isthmus is the internal cervical os; the distal opening to the vagina is the external cervical os. The level of the external os is at the level of the ischialspines (an important relationship in estimating the level of the fetus in the birth canal).