WORKBOOK FOR INTRODUCTORY MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING 11th EDITION ANSWER KEY

WORKBOOK FOR INTRODUCTORY MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING 11th EDITION ANSWER KEY ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED 2023/2024 GRADED A+. Answer Key for Workbook for Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 11e Chapter 1 SECTION 1: ASSESSING YOUR UNDERSTANDING Activity A 1. Illness 2. Client 3. Healthcare delivery system 4. Health 5. Medicaid Activity B 1. Holism 2. Healthcare team 3. Medicare 4. Diagnosis-related groups 5. Wellness Activity C 1. C 2. D 3. E 4. A 5. B Activity D 1. The major difference between illness and disease is that illness is highly individual and personal, whereas disease is something more definitive and measurable. For example, a client with arthritis presents with distinct pathologic changes associated with the disease. A person, however, may or may not be ill with arthritis. The degree of pain, suffering, and immobility varies from person to person. 2. Health maintenance refers to protecting one’s current level of health by preventing illness or deterioration, such as by complying with medication regimens, being screened for diseases such as breast cancer or colon cancer, or practicing safe sex. Health promotion refers to engaging in strategies to enhance health such as eating a diet high in grains and complex carbohydrates, exercising regularly, balancing work with leisure activities, and practicing stress-reduction techniques. 3. Medicare covers individuals who are 65 years or older, permanently disabled workers of any age with specific disabilities, and persons with end-stage renal disease. 4. The team includes physicians, nurses, psychologists, pharmacists, dietitians, social workers, respiratory and physical therapists, occupational therapists, nursing assistants, technicians, and insurance company staff. All members of this team collaborate on client issues (medical, social, and financial) to achieve the best possible outcomes. 5. Groups such as children, older adults, ethnic minorities, and the poor are most likely to be underserved by the healthcare system. Activity E 1. Point-of-service (POS) organizations involve a network of providers. Clients select a primary care physician within the group who then serves as the gatekeeper for other healthcare services. Clients can use healthcare providers in or out of the provider group, but may pay additional fees, such as a higher deductible or copayment, for providers outside the group, unless the primary physician approves. 2. Clients select a primary care physician within the group who then serves as the gatekeeper for other healthcare services. As with other types of managed care organizations, the focus is on prevention as the best way to manage healthcare costs. 3. Benefits for the insurer include discounted services, reduced services, and elimination of unnecessary referrals (Chitty & Black, 2011). 4. All are types of managed care networks. They provide a number of services within the network at a controlled cost. All provide incentive to stay within the network by providing lower cost services. Seeking services outside each of the organizations would incur higher costs for the client with the exception of the point-of service (POS) plan, which allows it if approved by the primary care physician who serves as the gatekeeper. The goal of all the organizations (POS, PPO, and PHO) is to maintain high-quality service and contain costs. SECTION 2: APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE Activity F 1. Members of an HMO must receive authorization (referral) for secondary care, such as second opinions from specialists or diagnostic testing. If members obtain unauthorized care, they are responsible for the entire bill. In this way, HMOs serve as gatekeepers for healthcare services. 2. Some individuals delay seeking early treatment for their health problems because they cannot afford to pay for services. When an illness becomes so severe that the only choice is to seek medical attention, many turn to their local hospital emergency departments for primary care. This expensive alternative usually involves long waits and no follow-up care. 3. Possible premature discharge of clients and increased responsibility for family members who may be unable to provide adequate care creates much criticism of the prospective payment system. These systems have also caused shifts in costs from clients with Medicare to those who have private insurance. Providers charge privately insured clients inflated amounts to make up for losses in Medicare revenues. Activity G 1. Demand for evidence that hospitals and practitioners provide high-quality, cost-effective care comes from insurers, regulatory bodies such as The Joint Commission, and consumers. One example of standardized indicators are the quality indicators (QIs) provided by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). These QIs can be used to measure healthcare quality at the federal, state, and local levels. The Joint Commission has also established National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs), which are updated annually. Multidisciplinary teams use clinical pathways or care mapping for specific diagnoses or procedures, which standardize important aspects of care. Many other methods exist for determining quality of care. Patient satisfaction surveys, quality-of-life questionnaires, functional assessment tools, number of hospital admissions per year for clients with chronic illnesses, and morbidity (complications) and mortality (deaths) rates are a few important measures assessed when examining quality. 2. Managed care involves insurers who carefully plan and closely supervise the distribution of healthcare services. The goals of managed care include the following: (i) Use healthcare resources efficiently. (ii) Deliver high-quality care at a reasonable cost. (iii) Measure, monitor, and manage fiscal and client outcomes. (iv) Prevent illness through screening and health promotion activities. (v) Provide client education to decrease the risk of the disease. (vi) Case-manage clients with chronic illnesses to minimize number of hospitalizations.