AP Psych Final Exam Review questions with 100% correct answers

social psychology the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another attribution theory the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition fundamental attribution error the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition attitude feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a patricular way to objects, people, and events central route persuasion attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts peripheral route persuasion attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness foot in the door phenomenon the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request role a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave cognitive dissonance theory the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes conformity adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard normative social influence influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval social facilitation stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others social loafing the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable deindividuation the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity group polarization the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group group thinking the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives culture the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next norm an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior personal space the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies prejudice an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action stereotype a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members ingroup "Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity outgroup "them"—those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup. ingroup bias the tendency to favor our own group scapegoat theory the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame other race effect the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias just world phenomenon the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get agression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy frustration-agression principle the principle that frustration--the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--creates anger, which can generate aggression mere exposure effect the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them passionate love an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship companionate love the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined equity a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it self-disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others altruism unselfish regard for the welfare of others bystander effect the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present social exchange theory the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs reciprocity norm an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them social-responsibilty norm An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them conflict a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas social trap a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior mirror-image perceptions mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive self-fulfilling prophecy a belief that leads to its own fulfillment superordinate goals shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation GRIT Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction, strategy designed to decrease international tensions. informational social influence influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality ecletic approach An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the clients problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. psychotherapy treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth resistance in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material psychoanalysis Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions interpretation in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight transference in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships psychodynamic therapy therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight insight therapies a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses client-centered therapy A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. active listening empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. unconditional positive regard a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance. behavior therapy therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors counterconditioning a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. exposure therapies behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid systematic desensitization a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias virtual reality exposure therapy an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking token economy An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. cognitive therapy therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions cognitive-behavior therapy a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) family therapy therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication regression toward the mean the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average. meta-analysis a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies evidence-based practice clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences biomedical therapy prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system psychopharmacology the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior antipsychotic drugs drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. tardive dyskinesia involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors anti-depressant drugs drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety; different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters electroconvulsive therapy a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. psychosurgery surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior lobotomy a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain resilience The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma