Dimensions Final Study Guide Final Exam Review

DIMENSION NUR 2058 S Dimensions Final Study Guide Final Exam Review Define evidence-based practice or (EBP) Is the practice of nursing in which interventions are based on data from research that demonstrates that they are appropriate and successful Review difference between roles: position, job, occupation, profession, professional, and what is professionalism Position – a group of tasks assigned to one individual Job – A group of positions similar in nature and level of skill that can be carried out by one or more individuals Occupation – A group of jobs similar in type of work that are usually found throughout an industry or work environment Profession – A type of occupation that requires prolonged preparation and formal qualifications ad meets certain higher-level criteria Professional – A person who belongs to and practices a profession Professional – The demonstration of high-level personal, ethical, and skilled characteristics of a member of a profession Identify the traits that define a profession • High intellectual level • High level of individual responsibility and accountability • Specialized body of knowledge • Knowledge that can be learned in institutions of higher education • Public service and altruistic activites • Public services valued over financial gain • Relatively high degree of autonomy and independence of practice • Need for a well-organized and strong organization representing the members of the profession and controlling the equality of practice • A code of ethics that guides the members of the profession in their practice • Strong professional identity and commitment to the development of the profession • Demonstration of professional competency and possession of legally recognized license Review how nursing compares with other professions High intellectual level – On a daily basis, nurses use assessment skill and knowledge, have the ability to reason, and make routine judgment based on clients’ conditions. High level of individual responsibility and accountability – Nurses are often the primary, and frequently the only, defendants named when errors are made that result in injury to the client. The concept of accountability has legal, ethical, and professional implications that include accepting responsibility for actions taken to provide client care and for the consequences of actions that are not performed. Specialized body of knowledge – As more nurses obtain advanced degrees, conduct research, and develop philosophies and theories about nursing, the body of knowledge increase in the scope and quantity. Evidence-based practice – a process that can be applied to changing policy and procedures or developing training programs for facility staff. Research data should always be used when initiating new practices or modifying old ones. Public service and altruistic activities – nursing has been viewed universally as an altruistic profession composed of selfless individuals who place the lives and well-being of their clients above their personal safety. Today, nurses are found in remote and ofter hostile areas, providing care for the sick and dying, working 12-hour shifts, being on call, and working rotating shifts Review how students should use recourses like websites, journals Marker 1: Peer Review- a process that requires any manuscripts submitted to be reviewed by two or three professionals who are considered experts, or at least knowledgeable, in the subject matter. Marker 2: Author Credentials- name of the author and his or her titles and credentials should be listed. Be cautious if no author or publisher is listed. Marker 3: Prejudice and Bias- there is almost always a small degree of prejudice and bias in all written material, BUT most legitimate authors strive to be as objective as possible. Marker 4: Timeliness- determine when the site was last updated and how extensively the information was revised. Marker 5: Presentation- you often tell a lot about a website by its presentation, if the graphics seem to be just decorative, it should raise a red flag about the content of the site, and if you do not have access to the program or article, move on to the next site. Review Nurses’ Code of Ethics Written by: Florence Nightingale The Codes of ethics are presented as general statements and thus do not give specific answers to every possible ethical dilemma that might arise, offer guidance Do nurses have autonomy and independence of practice? Why or why not. No, despite efforts to expand nursing practive into more independent areas through updated nurse practice legislation, nursing retains much of its subservient image. Nurses in all health-care settings must work closely with physicians, hospital administrators, pharmacists, and other groups in the provision of care. Determine the main method in which nurses can gain power in nursing (professional organizations) Professional Unity – there are approximately 2.7 million nurses in the United States, so it is not difficult to imagine the power that ANA could have to influence legislators and lefistlation if all those nurses were members of the organization rather than the 250,000who actually do belong, nurses need to belong to their national nursing organization. Impact on Christian era on health care? Chapter 2 Compare healthcare of ancient civilizations to healthcare today. What have the focus, influences, and interventions changed? The major concern of early civilizations was the survival of the group, and because illness and injury threatened this survival, many primitive health-care practices grew from processes of trial and error. In today’s healthcare the definition of nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of clients’ health and abilities, the prevention of disease and illness, and the alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response to disease and injury. In ancient Eastern civilizations, starting from about 3500 BC, health care was intertwined with religion. The Babylonian Empire, united in 2100 BC, health-care practices included special diets, massage therapy, and rest to drive evil spirits from a body. The rise of Christianity, starting from AD 30, the teachings of Jesus meant that caring for the sick, poor, and disadvantaged was of primary importance, and groups of believers soon organized to offer care for those in need. The Dark Ages, from roughly AD 500 to 1000, the biggest contribution to health care in this period may have been the insistence on cleanliness and hygiene, which lessened the spread of infections. Major political changes initiated by the Protestant Reformation in 1517 had the greatest effect on the health care of the period. Secular nursing orders gradually took over the duties of the many substandard hospitals that had been established in metropolitan areas, the most famous of these was the Sisters of Charity, established in 1600. During the Industrial Revolution (1760–1840), several non-Catholic nursing orders were founded, including the one by the famous Quaker, Elizabeth Fry, who established the Society of Protestant Sisters of Charity in London in 1840, which provided training to nurses who cared for the sick and poor, including prisoners and children. In 1751, Benjamin Franklin founded Pennsylvania Hospital, the first U.S. hospital dedicated to treating the sick. Technological developments in the 19th century included medications such as morphine and codeine for pain and quinine to treat malaria. At the beginning of World War I, there were only about 400 nurses in the Army Nurse Corps, but by 1917, that number had swelled to 21,000. Because many hospitals were recruiting untrained women to provide basic care, a committee on nursing was formed to establish standards, and eventually the Red Cross began a training program for nurse's aides. The single largest transformation of the practice of nursing occurred during World War II, nurses were revered as selfless heroes under fire in several movies produced during the war. Even nurses captured by the Japanese were allowed to keep practicing because their role was so highly respected. Vietnam Women's Memorial in Washington, dedicated in 1993, nurses are recognized for being injured in the line of duty, and one army nurse was killed. Understand the influence of Hippocrates. How did he change medicine? How are his teachings relevant today? Hippocrates beliefs focused on harmony with the natural law instead of on appeasing the gods. He emphasized treating the whole client, mind, body, spirit, and environment and making diagnoses on the basis of symptoms rather than on an isolated idea of a disease. He was also concerned with ethical standards for physicians, expressed in the now-famous Hippocratic Oath. Hippocratic Oath is one of the oldest binding documents in history, and is still held sacred by physicians: to treat the ill to the best of one's ability, to preserve a patient's privacy, to teach the secrets of medicine to the next generation, and so on. Understand the influences of nursing through the centuries: religion, science, war, industrialization. (Impact on Christianity on health care) Religion- The rise of Christianity, starting from AD 30, brought with it a strong belief in the sanctity of all human life. Christians considered practices such as human sacrifice, infanticide, and abortion—which had been common in Roman society—to be murder. Following the teachings of Jesus meant that caring for the sick, poor, and disadvantaged was of primary importance, and groups of believers soon organized to offer care for those in need. Science- Technological developments in the 19th century included medications such as morphine and codeine for pain and quinine to treat malaria. War- During the Revolutionary War, there was no organized medical or nursing corps, but small groups of untrained volunteers cared for the wounded and sick in their homes or in churches or barns. In 1751, Benjamin Franklin founded Pennsylvania Hospital, the first U.S. hospital dedicated to treating the sick. The Civil War caused more death and injury than any war in the