WGU D027 – Advanced Pathopharmacology – Final Exam Study Guide | Questions and Answers | A Complete Solution 2023

1. Celiac Disease a. Lining of the small intestine, intolerant of gluten. (avoid BROW) Barley, Rye, Oat, Wheat i. More pronounced in the duodenum and jejunum. b. Signs and Symptoms - abdominal pain/distention; diarrhea (pale, greasy, bulky, foul) i. Malnutrition complications - rickets, occult blood, anemia (early bleeds and/or bruises) ii. Hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia = Irritability, tremors, convulsions, tetany, bone pain, osteomalacia c. Lab Value: IgA-tTg, total IgA, IgA-EMA, HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8; IgG maybe too. d. IgA is associated with Celiac disease, diagnosis via endoscopy with small intestine biopsy 2. Sjogren’s Syndrome - Dry eyes and dry mouth a. Mostly in older women, primarily those with Rheumatoid arthritis or SLE b. Testing: SSA+ and SSB+ 3. Herbs a. Cinnamon - ↓ blood glucose, ↓ cholesterol, ↓ hypertension, ↓ risk for bleeding i. Adverse Effects - no breastfeeding, no DM drugs/anticoagulants/heart medications. b. Gingko Biloba - ↓ dementia, ↓ erectile dysfunction. ↑ bleeding, ↓ seizure threshold. c. Glucosamine - osteoarthritis d. Green Tea - lose weight, mental clarity. can cause hepatotoxicity. may ↓ the effects of warfarin. i. Avoid taking with vasodilators, stimulants, and psychoactive medications. e. Lavender - ↑ relaxation, ↓ anxiety, stress, and insomnia i. Adverse Effects - constipation, HA, ↑ appetite. may ↓ BP (no antihtn). no depressants f. Saw Palmetto - used for BPH g. Kava - used for anxiety. hepatotoxic h. Comfrey - topical OK, PO is not i. Ma Huang - ephedra/epherdrine. stimulant. 4. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome HLHS - Birth Defect. born with OPEN foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus, ↓developed L ventricle & ↓developed valves (mitral, aortic) (hole between L&R atria) a. Survival rates - 3 to 5y survival is 70% with Stage I repair, 90% survival once they hit 12m. b. Testing: prenatal U/S and echo, after birth s&s (after ductus arteriosus & foramen ovale close). c. Treatment: Surgery. Fetal shunts i. Patent ductus arteriosus: shunt to pulm artery created (from aorta or R ventricle). stage 1 at <2weeks (Norwood). shunt removed at 4-6months (stage 2) ii. patent foramen ovale: hole connecting R atrium to L atrium closed. iii. Stage III (Fontan) at 18-36m - IVC connected to Pulm artery, hole made from the IVC conduit attached to the right atrium. d. S/SX - Tachypnea, SOB, ↑HR (or pounding heart), poor suckling/feeding, poor extremities (cold and cyanotic), weakness, clammy skin e. Medications - tube feedings, meds to strengthen heart muscles, ↓ blood pressure, diuretics 5. Parathyroid - Secretes/regulates serum Ca. ↑ PTH hormone released = ↑ ca released from the bones into the bloodstream, ↓ density/hardness. Maintain low/normal Ca level. a. Hyperparathyroidism S/S - Low PTH (because excess was released into the blood) causes osteoporosis, kidney stones, ↑ urination, abdominal pain, fatigue, forgetfulness, bone/joint pain i. Calcimimetics, to help bones retain calcium, bisphosphonates to slow/prevent bone loss