Biology 121 EXAM 1 Chapters 1-3 | updated questions and answers

Biology 121 EXAM 1 Chapters 1-3 | updated questions and answers Evolution - Descent with modification: genetic change in a population or species over generations: the heritable changes that have produced Earth's diversity of organisms. Changes in DNA through time. Biology - The scientific study of life List the 7 Properties of life that ALL living organisms share - 1. Reproduction 2. Growth and Development 3. Energy Use 4. Order 5. Cells 6. Response to the Environment 7. Evolution The levels of the biological organizations - 1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Community 4. Population 5. Organism 6. Organ System and Organ 7. Tissue 8. Cell 9. Organelle 10. Molecule Biosphere - The global ecosystem: the entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; all of life and where it lives at Ecosystem - All the organisms in a give area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact: a biological community and its physical environment Community - All the organisms inhabiting and potentially interacting in a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species Population - A group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area at the same time. Organisms - An individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant or animal. Organ systems - A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions Organ - A structure consisting of two or more tissues that coordinate to perform specific functions Tissue - An integrated group of similar cells that performs a specific function within a multicellular organism Cell - A basic unit of living matter separated from its environment by a plasma membrane; the fundamental structural unit of life Organelle - A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a eukaryotic cell Molecule - A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds Reductionism - Reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study emergent properties - A trait that appears once the smaller parts are made/combined. For example the movement of amino acids into a protein. An amino acid, by itself, cannot perform the tasks of an enzyme, but if you assemble the correct ones together in the correct order, they become an enzyme. Systems Biology - The exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts Cell - The smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life Prokaryotic - 1. bacteria and archaea 2. No nucleus 3. no organelles 4. Smaller the DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane-bounded nucleus. Eukaryotic - 1. Plants and animals 2. Contains organelles 3. Contains a nucleus