Biology 121 Exam 1 Study Guide | questions and answers

Biology 121 Exam 1 Study Guide | questions and answers Define Biology - The study of life. Life is characterized by what properties? - Emergent properties aka reflect hierarchy of structural organization What is the lowest level of biological organization - Atoms Know order of structural levels from atom to ecosystem - Atoms-Molecules-Organelles-Cells-Tissue-Organs-Organ Systems-Organisms-Populations-Community-Ecosystem Know the basic definition of each (e.g. what is an ecosystem?) - An Ecosystem is where living interacts with the non-living in an environment What is the function shared by all living organisms? - 1. Uptake and processing of nutrients. 2. Excretion of wastes. 3. Response to environmental stimuli. 4. Reproduction among others Know the contribution of Hooke and Leewenhoek - Hooke was the first to observe and name cells. Leewenhoek discovered singled celled organisms Be able to identify 3 major points of cell theory - All living things consists of cells, all cells come from new cells, new cells produced by division of other cells Know basic differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. - Prokaryotic have no internal membranes, organelles, or nucleus, but eukaryotic does. Be familiar with DNA molecule and genome - DNA molecule is a double helix and are biological instructions; a genome are the entire library of genetic information What are the sources of energy for an ecosystem? - Life Be able to recognize a positive feedback and a negative feedback system - Negative Feedback- slows/stops processes (body temp) Positive Feedback- speeds up processes (wound healing) Know definitions of evolution and taxonomy. - Evolution is the key to biological diversity. Taxonomy names and classifies species into hierarchical order 3 Domains -- 4 Kingdoms (3 Multi cellular) - 3 Domains- bacteria, arachae, & eukarya. 4 Kingdoms- animalia, plantae fungi (Multicellular) & Protista What was the major contribution of Darwin? - His origin of species What did it help explain? - Natural selection and evolution Know basic information about scientific method -- stages/steps - Form a hypothesis, Test the hypothesis, Analyze data, Form conclusion, Communicate whether the hypothesis is falsifiable or not What is the difference between science and technology? - Science is knowing, technology is doing Know examples of science and technology - Knowing DNA structure allowed for gene therapy; creating DNA technology revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry What is the Origin of Species? - Scientific literature written in the 1800s Who wrote it? - Darwin What are the two most important points of this publications? - Natural Selection and Evolution Who was Lamarck? - Published theory of evolution Know basics of his theory of evolution - Use it or Lose it Charles Darwin - What is the theory of natural selection? - More individuals are produced than can survive others, those with traits better suited to the environment will survive What is meant by the descent with modification? - All organisms are related through past ancestors and the descendants of ancestors accumulated diverse modifications What is an evolutionary tree? - Different species all have a root or origin Know the basics of 3 inferences proposed by Ernst Mayr - 1. The more individuals in an environment leads to a struggle for existence. 2. Survival in struggle for existence is not random. 3. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual change in population. Know main ideas involving natural selection, what is meant by differential reproduction - organisms with traits favored by environment produce more offspring than those without the traits What is a population? - Group of interbreeding individuals of a single species that share a common geographic area Know basics of examples of natural selection---insecticides and drug resistance - insecticides kill 99% but the 1% is resistant and can reproduce; drug resistance such as you can't kill all viruses so that % replicates. What is meant by homologous structures? - Comparative anatomy so have same skeletal elements different functions Vestigial organs---What are they and how was info used? - Structures of little importance; info was used to link the organisms to ancestors who had a use for the structures Know genetic code shared by all organisms----organisms more closely related express proteins that are more similar - Libraries of genes and proteins show it matched closely to a common ancestor