NSG 5003 wk 1 EXAM TEST QUESTIONS WITH 100% SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024

NSG 5003 wk 1 EXAM TEST QUESTIONS WITH 100% SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024 Nucleus - ANSWER A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth, reproduction, and metabolism. largest oragnelle Center of the cell DNA - ANSWER A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. Hereditary info 4 bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine Mitochondria - ANSWER Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production. Uses oxidation to convert good material into energy Ribosomes - ANSWER site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANSWER An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. Rough ER - ANSWER covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins. Smooth ER - ANSWER No ribosomes, makes lipids and detox secretory vesicles - ANSWER protein hormones and enzymes stored, awaiting signals to be released. lysosome - ANSWER contains digestive enzymes Cytoskeleton - ANSWER helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement. network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments. Golgi apparatus - ANSWER modifies, sorts, and packages proteins Osmolality - ANSWER the concentration of solutes in body fluids IF HIGH= DEHYDRATION Osmolarity - ANSWER total concentration of all solute particles in a solution Glycolysis - ANSWER the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. FORMS 2 ATP+ 2 PYRUVATE Phagocytosis - ANSWER A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells. CELL EATING Pinocytosis - ANSWER A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. CELL DRINKING Endocytosis - ANSWER bringing substances into the cell through a vesicle or phagosome Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. facilitated diffusion - ANSWER process of diffusion. USES A CARRIER MOLECULE simple diffusion - ANSWER Diffusion that doesn't involve a direct input of energy or assistance by carrier proteins. Osmosis - ANSWER diffusion of water Excocytosis - ANSWER movement of large amounts of material out of the cell. neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles and fuse with the cell membrane for release. active transport - ANSWER Energy-requiring process (VIA CARRIER PROTEIN) that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference passive transport - ANSWER Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient action potential - ANSWER neuronal repolarization due to efflux of potassium. energy production - ANSWER ATP. The breakdown of glucose (carbs) and triglycerides (fats) Mictochondria - ANSWER produces ATP through aerobic respiration Chromosomes - ANSWER threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes DNA - ANSWER A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. Nucleotide - ANSWER Genetic codes are stored. A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Nitrogen bases - ANSWER A-T and C-G match. Purine: adenine & guanine Pyrimidine: thymine & cytosine osmotic pressure - ANSWER the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis base pairs - ANSWER A-T G-C Genes - ANSWER DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. Template of protein synthesis. Genotype - ANSWER genetic makeup Phenotype - ANSWER physical characteristics of an organism (blue eyes) Genome - ANSWER the complete set of DNA and genes Replication - ANSWER process of copying DNA prior to cell division Differentiation - ANSWER process in which cells become specialized in structure and function cell cycle - ANSWER series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells Interphase - ANSWER consists of G1, S, and G2 phases. Checkpoint where damaged DNA is fixed Mitosis - ANSWER cell division in MATURE somatic cells (nongamete) Meiosis - ANSWER Cell division that produces reproductive cells (sperm & ova) Cellular Organization - ANSWER All living things are composed of one or more cells epithelial tissue - ANSWER protection, absorption, filtration, secretion connective tissue functions - ANSWER binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection. made up of a large extracellular matrix and fibroblast cells Three types of Fibers (FIBROBLAST CELLS): collagen elastic reticular Neural tissue function - ANSWER carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another. composed of neurons. Axon: conducts impulse away body Dendrites: conduct impulse toward body muscle tissue - ANSWER contracts or shortens, making body parts move. made of fibers (myocytes) that consists of actin and myosin. Muscle fibers: smooth cardiac skeletal voluntary (skeletal movement) involuntary (heart) cellular damage - ANSWER Injury on the cellular level resulting from sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level. Cellular Adaptation - ANSWER atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia inflammation - ANSWER a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues atrophy - ANSWER to waste away hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in size Hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells Metaplasia - ANSWER Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia) - ANSWER abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs Apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death Inappropriate (too much or not enough) leads to denereative neurological disease ( ischemia, Alz's, autimmune disorders) necrosis - ANSWER death of tissue Liquefaction necrosis - ANSWER Dead cells liquefy due to release of cell enzymes common: brain caseous necrosis - ANSWER disintegration and death of tissue but cellular debris remains, with a cheese-like appearance Common: lung with TB Fat necrosis - ANSWER Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids. Opaque & chalky looking. Common: breast and pancreas Coagulative necrosis - ANSWER Cell proteins are altered or denatured - coagulation (interruption in blood flow) Common: Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands gangrene - ANSWER death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply followed by bacterial invasion dry gangrene - ANSWER late stages of gangrene; affected area becomes dried, blackened, and shriveled wet gangrene - ANSWER an area of gangrene that becomes secondarily infected by pus-producing bacteria gas gangrene - ANSWER anaerobic bacterial infection (clostridium) Most serious and greatest potential to be fatal. free radicals - ANSWER Unstable molecules that cause cell death. ROS derived from O2 most concerning neoplasm - ANSWER new growth (tumor) Benign (non-cancerous) - ANSWER Cell: normal, differentiated Growth: slow, encapsulated Spread: localized Systemic: rare Life threatening: only in certain locations (i.e. brain)