PSU BBH 315 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions

Sex/gender differences in physical and cognitive changes in midlife and older age correct answer: -Skin wrinkles and spots, hair thins and grays, nails thicken, height increases, body fat increases, bone density decreases -Lung capacity declines, sleep problems increase, hormone levels decline, increase risk in disease -More older men than women with sex lives How marital status might be related to health in midlife and older age correct answer: -Those not divorced have more better chance of positive well-being, social support adds to positivity -Older with more relationships = good, more engaged in society -However, could be losing a lot of relationships too and this could be negative -Men who are married have a longer life expectancy than those who are not How social relationships are linked to health, including stress, marital dysfunction, and health link correct answer: -Social relationship linked to enhanced health - children, married couples, older adults who support them -Health related decision-making improved with more social relationships -Stressed linked to health via host resistance - coping capacity and social support can influence this stress -Marital dysfunction may cause stress that messes up wound healing, causes inflammatory, immune, and endocrine changes that are in turn associated with disability Trends in age at first marriage, marriage "market share," in US and worldwide, by education and ethnicity correct answer: -Both males and females are beginning to marry at older ages than previously -1960 - women 20, men 23 2010 - women 26, men 28 -since 1960 numbers have increased in never married and divorced but have decreased for married -comparing 1990 and 2010 all market shares have decreased --HS or less, some college, college and on (all lower sharing in 2010) --White, Hispanic, and black (same thing), really dropped for blacks -Decrease in market share may be problematic for health How paid work and retirement might be related to health in midlife and older age correct answer: -Men retire earlier than women -Gender pay gap may accumulate and harm women's health -Paid work can provide - money for retirement, happiness, and more involved in society -Negatives - pressure and stress, too much activity, accident prone Trends in labor force participation rates, overall, by sex and age groups correct answer: -From 1950 to 2050, rates for males exceeded rates for females however - gap beginning to close -Men percent decreasing and female percent increasing, however expected to decrease again in the future -From 1980 to 2008, Hispanics and white have competed but now Hispanics then Asians then white then black -Ages 25 to 54 was the largest age group over time that was in the labor force, 75+ years was the lowest Trends in gender gap in earnings, overall and by geographic region correct answer: Overall women earn less than men, Asians earn the most then white then black then Hispanic across all educations Reasons for gender gap in earnings correct answer: -On average, women earn less money than men, 77-82 cents for every $1 men earn -This is across races and levels of education How unpaid work in home might be related to health in midlife and older age correct answer: -Shared responsibilities -Largest gender difference in division of labor occurs in married people -Can be both negative and positives of caregiving --Personal satisfaction with providing care --Up to 50% of caregivers meet definition of major depression -Unpaid work and caregiving often negatively influences health Gender differences in division of labor and influence of gender roles, including caregiving correct answer: -Children change caregiving roles, differences common in chore selection, differences with same-sex couples -More women than men in housework, food, cleanup, household management -More men than women in lawn and garden care "Second-shift" phenomenon correct answer: -The workload women have over and above that of men -Responsibilities disproportionately split Cancer correct answer: Uncontrollable cell growth, do not properly die and build up Apoptosis correct answer: Programmed cell death Tumor correct answer: Abnormal tissue growth Neoplasia correct answer: New abnormal growth Benign correct answer: Non-cancerous, localization and no spread Malignant correct answer: Cancerous, can move and invade other tissues, poorer prognosis Staging correct answer: Describes the development of the tumor and cells Proportion of cancer cases that can be prevented through lifestyle changes correct answer: -One in three cancer cases can be prevented -33/100 could be prevented with lifestyle changes Sex differences in cancer diagnoses and deaths, globally correct answer: -Women - Breast most common in majority of places --Cervix in African countries -Men - prostate in western countries, more lung as top in western Europe -Cancer levels globally rising over time -Higher rates in less developed countries, gap widening -Men had more cancer incidents and different types than women Reasons for sex differences in cancer diagnoses, globally cor