Samenvatting algemene parasitologie
Inhoudsopgave
Algemene begrippen, systematiek ................................................................................................................... 5
Trematoda (zuigwormen) ................................................................................................................................. 8
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
Algemene structuur ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Standaard levenscyclus ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Ontwikkelingsstadia ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Digenea ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Echinostomatidae ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Fasciolidae ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
Paramphistomidae en dicrocoelidae ............................................................................................................ 10
Prostogonimus .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Schistosoma ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 12
Levenscyclus Schistosoma spp. ..................................................................................................................... 12
Schistosoma spp. Controle ............................................................................................................................ 12
Schistosomatidae species ............................................................................................................................. 13
Cestoda (lintwormen) .................................................................................................................................... 14
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 14
Morfologie..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Algemene structuur ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Algemene systematiek .................................................................................................................................. 15
Pseudophilidae .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Infectieuze vormen ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Cyclophyllidea ................................................................................................................................................... 16
Mesocestoiidae ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Anoplocephalidae ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Dipylidium ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Davaineidae en Hymenolepidae ................................................................................................................... 18
Taeniidae ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
Hydatidosis .................................................................................................................................................... 22
Nematoden (ronde wormen) ......................................................................................................................... 23
Algemene kenmerken........................................................................................................................................ 23
Morfologie..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Externe structuren: cuticula .......................................................................................................................... 23
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 23
Soort determinatie ............................................................................................................................................ 24
Standaard levenscyclus ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Hypobiose .......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Morfologie eieren .............................................................................................................................................. 24
Strongyloides, “Draadwormen” ofwel “aaltjes” ................................................................................................ 25
1
, Cyclus ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
Ordo strongylida................................................................................................................................................ 26
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 26
Ancylostomatidae, “Haakwormen”............................................................................................................... 26
Strongyliden, knobbelwormen ...................................................................................................................... 26
Oesophagostomum, ‘knobbelworm’, ‘nodular worm’ .................................................................................. 28
Chabertia ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Syngamus, “gaapwormen” ............................................................................................................................ 29
Trichostrongylidae, “lebmaagwormen” ........................................................................................................ 29
Dictyocaulus spp ........................................................................................................................................... 33
Metastrongylus ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Protostrongylidae.......................................................................................................................................... 34
Ordo spirurida ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Dracunculus sp. ............................................................................................................................................. 34
Habronema ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Thelazia ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Parafilaria ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Onchocercidae .............................................................................................................................................. 35
Ascaridida, ‘spoelwormen’ ................................................................................................................................ 36
Ascaris suum ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Parascaris equorum ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Toxocara vitulorum ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Toxocara canis ............................................................................................................................................... 37
Toxocara cati ................................................................................................................................................. 38
Toxascaris leonina ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Ascaridae – larva migrans ............................................................................................................................. 38
Heterakis spp................................................................................................................................................. 38
Ascaridia spp. ................................................................................................................................................ 39
Anisakis – Haringworm.................................................................................................................................. 39
Oxyuridae – Aarswormen.............................................................................................................................. 39
Enterobius vermicularis ................................................................................................................................ 40
Ordo Enoplida (Adenophorea)........................................................................................................................... 40
Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................................... 40
Trichuridae – “Zweepwormen” ..................................................................................................................... 40
Capillaridae species – Haarworm .................................................................................................................. 41
Trichinellidae species – Spiraalworm ............................................................................................................ 41
Arthropoda (geleedpotigen) – Arachnida/spinachtigen ................................................................................. 43
Systematiek arthropoda .................................................................................................................................... 43
Algemene morfologie van arthropoda .............................................................................................................. 43
Algemene structuur arthropoda ................................................................................................................... 43
Belang van arthropoda .................................................................................................................................. 43
Acari (mijten en teken) ...................................................................................................................................... 44
Systematiek ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Argasidae [E-L-N1-N2-N3-Nx-Ad] → zachte teken .......................................................................................... 44
Ixodidae [E-L-N-Ad] → Harde teken .............................................................................................................. 45
Mesostigmata (roofmijten) ............................................................................................................................... 47
Dermanyssus (rode vogelmijt) ...................................................................................................................... 47
Varroa destructor [E-L-N1-N2-Ad] .................................................................................................................. 48
Sternostoma [E-L-N1-N2-Ad] .......................................................................................................................... 48
Prostigmata ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 48
2
, Demodex [E-L-N1-N2-Ad] ............................................................................................................................... 48
Species .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Astigmata (schurftmijten) ................................................................................................................................. 49
Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................................... 49
Differentiatie ................................................................................................................................................. 49
Invasieve species ........................................................................................................................................... 49
Niet-invasieve species ................................................................................................................................... 50
Lokalisatie van de mijten............................................................................................................................... 51
Mijten-allergie ............................................................................................................................................... 51
Arthropoda – insecta...................................................................................................................................... 52
Parasitair belang ............................................................................................................................................... 52
Algemene kenmerken........................................................................................................................................ 52
Standaard ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................... 52
Systematiek insecta ........................................................................................................................................... 52
Phtiraptera (luizen) ........................................................................................................................................... 52
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 52
Mallophaga (bijtende luizen) ........................................................................................................................ 53
Anoplura (zuigende luizen) ........................................................................................................................... 53
Speciesoverzicht per diersoort ...................................................................................................................... 54
Hemiptera (wantsen) ........................................................................................................................................ 54
Siphonaptera (vlooien) ...................................................................................................................................... 54
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 54
Morfologie..................................................................................................................................................... 54
Medisch belang van vlooien .......................................................................................................................... 54
Pulicidae – cyclus .......................................................................................................................................... 55
Species .......................................................................................................................................................... 55
Diptera .............................................................................................................................................................. 55
Nematocera....................................................................................................................................................... 55
Simulium (black flies, Buffalo gnats, Kriebelmuggen) ................................................................................... 56
Psychodidae (mothflies, motmugjes) ............................................................................................................ 56
Ceratopogonidae........................................................................................................................................... 56
Culicidae [E-L1-L2-L3-L4-P-Ad] ......................................................................................................................... 56
Tabanomorpha (dazen) [E-L1-7-P-Ad] ............................................................................................................ 57
Muscidae ....................................................................................................................................................... 57
Glossina ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
Myiasis .......................................................................................................................................................... 59
Oestridae (horzels) ........................................................................................................................................ 59
Hypoboscidae – luisvliegen ........................................................................................................................... 60
Protozoa (ééncelligen) ................................................................................................................................... 61
Algemene kenmerken........................................................................................................................................ 61
Indeling.............................................................................................................................................................. 61
Muco-flagellaten ............................................................................................................................................... 61
Giardia ........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Trichomonadiae ................................................................................................................................................ 62
Trichomonas vaginalis ................................................................................................................................... 62
Trichomonas columbae ................................................................................................................................. 62
Tritrichomonas foetus ................................................................................................................................... 62
Monoceromonadidae ................................................................................................................................... 63
3
, Kinetoplastida ................................................................................................................................................... 63
Morfologie..................................................................................................................................................... 63
Leishmania spp. ............................................................................................................................................. 63
Endamoebidae .................................................................................................................................................. 64
Entamoeba histolytica................................................................................................................................... 64
Schizopyrenida .................................................................................................................................................. 65
Naegleria, Acanthamoeba ............................................................................................................................. 65
Apicomplexa (intracellulairen) .......................................................................................................................... 65
Eigenschappen .............................................................................................................................................. 65
Indeling.......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Eimeriidae ..................................................................................................................................................... 65
Sarcocystidae .................................................................................................................................................... 68
Toxoplasma gondii ........................................................................................................................................ 68
Neosporis ...................................................................................................................................................... 70
Cryptosporidium ........................................................................................................................................... 70
Haemosporida ................................................................................................................................................... 71
Plasmodium................................................................................................................................................... 71
Piroplasmida ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 72
Babesia .......................................................................................................................................................... 73
Andere protozoa................................................................................................................................................ 73
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 73
Nosema apis .................................................................................................................................................. 73
Balantidium coli............................................................................................................................................. 73
Ichyopthirus multifiliis ................................................................................................................................... 74
4
Inhoudsopgave
Algemene begrippen, systematiek ................................................................................................................... 5
Trematoda (zuigwormen) ................................................................................................................................. 8
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
Algemene structuur ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Standaard levenscyclus ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Ontwikkelingsstadia ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Digenea ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Echinostomatidae ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Fasciolidae ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
Paramphistomidae en dicrocoelidae ............................................................................................................ 10
Prostogonimus .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Schistosoma ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 12
Levenscyclus Schistosoma spp. ..................................................................................................................... 12
Schistosoma spp. Controle ............................................................................................................................ 12
Schistosomatidae species ............................................................................................................................. 13
Cestoda (lintwormen) .................................................................................................................................... 14
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 14
Morfologie..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Algemene structuur ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Algemene systematiek .................................................................................................................................. 15
Pseudophilidae .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Infectieuze vormen ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Cyclophyllidea ................................................................................................................................................... 16
Mesocestoiidae ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Anoplocephalidae ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Dipylidium ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Davaineidae en Hymenolepidae ................................................................................................................... 18
Taeniidae ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
Hydatidosis .................................................................................................................................................... 22
Nematoden (ronde wormen) ......................................................................................................................... 23
Algemene kenmerken........................................................................................................................................ 23
Morfologie..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Externe structuren: cuticula .......................................................................................................................... 23
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 23
Soort determinatie ............................................................................................................................................ 24
Standaard levenscyclus ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Hypobiose .......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Morfologie eieren .............................................................................................................................................. 24
Strongyloides, “Draadwormen” ofwel “aaltjes” ................................................................................................ 25
1
, Cyclus ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
Ordo strongylida................................................................................................................................................ 26
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 26
Ancylostomatidae, “Haakwormen”............................................................................................................... 26
Strongyliden, knobbelwormen ...................................................................................................................... 26
Oesophagostomum, ‘knobbelworm’, ‘nodular worm’ .................................................................................. 28
Chabertia ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Syngamus, “gaapwormen” ............................................................................................................................ 29
Trichostrongylidae, “lebmaagwormen” ........................................................................................................ 29
Dictyocaulus spp ........................................................................................................................................... 33
Metastrongylus ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Protostrongylidae.......................................................................................................................................... 34
Ordo spirurida ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Dracunculus sp. ............................................................................................................................................. 34
Habronema ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Thelazia ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Parafilaria ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Onchocercidae .............................................................................................................................................. 35
Ascaridida, ‘spoelwormen’ ................................................................................................................................ 36
Ascaris suum ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Parascaris equorum ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Toxocara vitulorum ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Toxocara canis ............................................................................................................................................... 37
Toxocara cati ................................................................................................................................................. 38
Toxascaris leonina ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Ascaridae – larva migrans ............................................................................................................................. 38
Heterakis spp................................................................................................................................................. 38
Ascaridia spp. ................................................................................................................................................ 39
Anisakis – Haringworm.................................................................................................................................. 39
Oxyuridae – Aarswormen.............................................................................................................................. 39
Enterobius vermicularis ................................................................................................................................ 40
Ordo Enoplida (Adenophorea)........................................................................................................................... 40
Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................................... 40
Trichuridae – “Zweepwormen” ..................................................................................................................... 40
Capillaridae species – Haarworm .................................................................................................................. 41
Trichinellidae species – Spiraalworm ............................................................................................................ 41
Arthropoda (geleedpotigen) – Arachnida/spinachtigen ................................................................................. 43
Systematiek arthropoda .................................................................................................................................... 43
Algemene morfologie van arthropoda .............................................................................................................. 43
Algemene structuur arthropoda ................................................................................................................... 43
Belang van arthropoda .................................................................................................................................. 43
Acari (mijten en teken) ...................................................................................................................................... 44
Systematiek ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Argasidae [E-L-N1-N2-N3-Nx-Ad] → zachte teken .......................................................................................... 44
Ixodidae [E-L-N-Ad] → Harde teken .............................................................................................................. 45
Mesostigmata (roofmijten) ............................................................................................................................... 47
Dermanyssus (rode vogelmijt) ...................................................................................................................... 47
Varroa destructor [E-L-N1-N2-Ad] .................................................................................................................. 48
Sternostoma [E-L-N1-N2-Ad] .......................................................................................................................... 48
Prostigmata ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 48
2
, Demodex [E-L-N1-N2-Ad] ............................................................................................................................... 48
Species .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Astigmata (schurftmijten) ................................................................................................................................. 49
Algemeen ...................................................................................................................................................... 49
Differentiatie ................................................................................................................................................. 49
Invasieve species ........................................................................................................................................... 49
Niet-invasieve species ................................................................................................................................... 50
Lokalisatie van de mijten............................................................................................................................... 51
Mijten-allergie ............................................................................................................................................... 51
Arthropoda – insecta...................................................................................................................................... 52
Parasitair belang ............................................................................................................................................... 52
Algemene kenmerken........................................................................................................................................ 52
Standaard ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................... 52
Systematiek insecta ........................................................................................................................................... 52
Phtiraptera (luizen) ........................................................................................................................................... 52
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 52
Mallophaga (bijtende luizen) ........................................................................................................................ 53
Anoplura (zuigende luizen) ........................................................................................................................... 53
Speciesoverzicht per diersoort ...................................................................................................................... 54
Hemiptera (wantsen) ........................................................................................................................................ 54
Siphonaptera (vlooien) ...................................................................................................................................... 54
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 54
Morfologie..................................................................................................................................................... 54
Medisch belang van vlooien .......................................................................................................................... 54
Pulicidae – cyclus .......................................................................................................................................... 55
Species .......................................................................................................................................................... 55
Diptera .............................................................................................................................................................. 55
Nematocera....................................................................................................................................................... 55
Simulium (black flies, Buffalo gnats, Kriebelmuggen) ................................................................................... 56
Psychodidae (mothflies, motmugjes) ............................................................................................................ 56
Ceratopogonidae........................................................................................................................................... 56
Culicidae [E-L1-L2-L3-L4-P-Ad] ......................................................................................................................... 56
Tabanomorpha (dazen) [E-L1-7-P-Ad] ............................................................................................................ 57
Muscidae ....................................................................................................................................................... 57
Glossina ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
Myiasis .......................................................................................................................................................... 59
Oestridae (horzels) ........................................................................................................................................ 59
Hypoboscidae – luisvliegen ........................................................................................................................... 60
Protozoa (ééncelligen) ................................................................................................................................... 61
Algemene kenmerken........................................................................................................................................ 61
Indeling.............................................................................................................................................................. 61
Muco-flagellaten ............................................................................................................................................... 61
Giardia ........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Trichomonadiae ................................................................................................................................................ 62
Trichomonas vaginalis ................................................................................................................................... 62
Trichomonas columbae ................................................................................................................................. 62
Tritrichomonas foetus ................................................................................................................................... 62
Monoceromonadidae ................................................................................................................................... 63
3
, Kinetoplastida ................................................................................................................................................... 63
Morfologie..................................................................................................................................................... 63
Leishmania spp. ............................................................................................................................................. 63
Endamoebidae .................................................................................................................................................. 64
Entamoeba histolytica................................................................................................................................... 64
Schizopyrenida .................................................................................................................................................. 65
Naegleria, Acanthamoeba ............................................................................................................................. 65
Apicomplexa (intracellulairen) .......................................................................................................................... 65
Eigenschappen .............................................................................................................................................. 65
Indeling.......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Eimeriidae ..................................................................................................................................................... 65
Sarcocystidae .................................................................................................................................................... 68
Toxoplasma gondii ........................................................................................................................................ 68
Neosporis ...................................................................................................................................................... 70
Cryptosporidium ........................................................................................................................................... 70
Haemosporida ................................................................................................................................................... 71
Plasmodium................................................................................................................................................... 71
Piroplasmida ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 72
Babesia .......................................................................................................................................................... 73
Andere protozoa................................................................................................................................................ 73
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................... 73
Nosema apis .................................................................................................................................................. 73
Balantidium coli............................................................................................................................................. 73
Ichyopthirus multifiliis ................................................................................................................................... 74
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