GALEN NUR155 Exam 4 questions and answers

Define Culturally responsive care. Care that is centered on the clients cultural point of view and integrates the clients values and beliefs into the plan of care. Culture a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared among a group of people Subculture Composed of ppl who have a distinct identiy and are related to a larger cultural group Multiculture A person who has multiple patterns of identification or crosses several cultures , lifestyle, and sets of values. Heritage Things passed down from previous generations Diversity Fact or state of being different Race White, african american..etc Nationality State/country a person is born/has membership Religion A system of beliefs, practices, and ethical values worshipped as the creator/ruler of universe Prejudice A preconceived notion or judgement not based on sufficient knowledge Racism Assumptions held a bout race Discrimination Negative treatment of individuals/groups based on their race, ethnicity and gender. Ethnocentrism Belief in the supeiority of ones own culture and lifestyle. What is health Disparities? What are the causes of health disparities The differences in care experienced by one population compared to another population What is health equity? The highest possible standard of health for all people, esp those at greatest risk for poor health What is the difference between acculturation and assimilation? Acculturation-when ppl incorporate traits from another culture Assimilation- process by which an individual develops a new cultural identity Define transcultural nursing Focuses on providing care within the differences and similarities of the beliefs , values , and patterns of culture Define the AACN 5 cultural competencies 1. Apply knowledge of social and cultural factors that affect nursing and healthcare across multiple contexts. 2. Use relevant data sources and best evidence in providing culturally competent care 3. Promote achievement of safe quality outcomes of care for diverse populations 4. Advocate for social justice 5. Participate in continuous cultural competency development. What is cultural competence? Having the knowledge, abilities, and skills to deliver care matching the patient's cultural beliefs and practices. The ongoing process in which the nurse continually strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively within the cultural context of the pt. Define folk medicine Illness prevention and healing that derive from cultural traditions. EXAMPLE: cultural traditions, special teas, herbs, "cures" How is communication and culture closely connected? Through communication the culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and knowledge about the culture is transmitted within the group and to those outside the group. What is the dfference betueen translator and interpreter? Translator: converts written material from one language to another. Interpreter: able to transform the message expressed in a spoken or signed source language into its target language. (From one spoken language to another) How is food preparation related to cultural practices? -how the foods prepped and served -weather to breastfeed vs. bottle feed -some foods "treat" illnesses -religious practice affects diet How can a Nurse develop self awareness in culturally responsive care? Must first understand own culture, beliefs, and assumptions and reflect on questions which focus on communicating and caring for diverse populations. How can a nurse convey cultural sensitivity? Spend time with clients and convey a genuine desire to understand their values and beliefs What is the LEARN acronym? -Listen actively with empathy to clients perception -Explain what you think you heard/clarify -Acknowledge importance of whats said/meaning -Recommend inclusive strategies -Negotiate the plan of care by collaborating with the client and others. How can we implement cultural nursing care? -cultural preservation and maintenance -cultural accommodation and negotiation How can families play a role in culturally responsive care? -cultural assessment of client and family -learn rituals, customs, and practices -dont make assumptions -recognize that it is the clients right (or families) to make their own -convey respect and cooperate with family Define teaching A system of activities intended to produce learning Define 3 ways a nurse may teach: -clients and families: one to one teaching -community: health education programs -health personnel: continuing education, in service programs and staff development Define learning A desire or a requirement to know something that is unknown to the learner Define compliance An Individuals desire to learn and to act on the learning Define adherence The degree to which clients follow the agreed on recommendations of healthcare providers What are the 3 Bloom domains? What are the difference in the 3? -Cognitive domain: "thinking" domain that includes 6 intellectual abilities and thinking processes beginning with knowing, comprehending, and applying to analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. -Affective domain: "feeling" domain, deals with personal issues such as attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and emotions. -Psychomotor domain: "skill" domain, includes fine and gross motor abilities. What is positive reinforcement? A pleasant experience s/o praise and encouragement What is motivation to learn? Example? -the desire to learn -example: clients with heart disease may need to know effects of smoking before they recognize the need to stop. What is readiness to learn? -The demonstration or cues that reflect the learners motivation to learn at a specific time. -Example: a client may want to learn self care during dressing change. What are barriers to learning? Example? -acute Illness. Ex: requires all resources to cope. -pain. Ex. Decreases ability to concentrate -prognosis. Ex. Unable to concentrate on info. -emotion. Ex. Anxiety, anger, depression -Age. Ex. Vision, hearing, motor impaired -culture/religion. Ex. Can place restrictions on care -physical disability Ex. Vision, hearing, sensory -mental disability. Ex. Impaired cognitive ability -biorhythms Ex. Mental/physical alters rhythm What are some factors that affect learning? -Age -health beliefs -culture -economic -clients understanding -learning style -support system What is "ask me three"? -is the client able to focus on things other than physical status? - is the client emotionally ready to learn self care activities? - can the client think clearly at this point? When developing written teaching aids, what language level should we keep the teaching? At or below 6th grade level List 5 special teaching strategies: -explanation or description- cognitive -one on one discussion- affective, cognitive -answering questions- cognitive -demonstration- psychomotor -practice- psychomotor Define transcultural teaching: A teaching/learning process including language and communication challenges, time, cultural healing practices, beliefs, and high risk health problems.. Why do we document the teaching process? Provides a legal record that the teaching took place and communicates the teaching to other health professionals. Name 3 cultures that value family inclusion. What are the advantages/disadvantages? -Hispanic/Latino American: important for the nurse to direct teaching to include all interested family members. -Decisions are usually made by male and older members of the family -ensure adequate physical space to allow room for all family members. -Black/African Americans: family structure traditionally bee matriarchal -important to recognize the central role that women have in decision making. -grandmothers have essential roles in family and may be involved in support -Asian/Pacific Islanders: Decision making is often a family matter. -Asians may agree or nod their heads in agreement to avoid being offensive or disruptive by disagreeing with nurse. - Nods DO NOT MEAN CONSENT. - May need to be given permission to ask questions. What is the pharmacopoeia? A book containing a list of products used in medicine, with the descriptions of the product, chemical tests for identity, purity , formulas and prescriptions. Define therapeutic effect: The desired effect of a medication, the primary effect, the intended reason a drug is prescribed. Define side effect: Secondary effect that is unintended. Side effects are usually predictable and may/may not be harmful. Define adverse effect: Severe side effects or reactions and may justify the discontinuation of a drug. Define drug toxicity: Harmful effects of a drug on an organism or tissue, results from overdosage, ingestion of a drug intended for external use, or buildup of the drug in the blood. Define Drug Allergy: An immunologic reaction to a drug, when a pt is first introduced to a foreign substance (antigen), the body may react by producing antibodies. Name and describe the 6 therapeutic actions of drugs? -Palliative : relieves symptoms of disease -Curative: cures a disease or condition -Supportive: supports body function until body responds -Substitutive: replaces body fluids or substances -Chemotherapeutic: destroys malignant cells -Restorative: returns the body to health What are some common mild allergic reactions? -skin rash - rhinitis (runny nose) -wheezing -pruritus (itching) -angioedema -eye tearing -N/V -dyspnea -diarrhea What is an anaphylactic reaction? A severe allergic reaction usually occurring immediately after administration of drug and can be fatal Define drug tolerance A unusually low physiological response to a drug and requires increases in the dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect. Define drug half-life the time required for the amount of drugs in the body to decrease by 50% of what it was at initial administration. What are the key terms related to drug actions? What do these mean? Pharmacodynamics, receptor, agonist, antagonist? -Pharmacodynamics- the mechanism of drug action and the relationships between drug concentration and responses in the body. -Receptor-the drugs specific target -Agonist- when a drug produces the same response as the physiological or endogenous substance. -Antagonist- a drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites. What is Pharmacokinetics? -Absorption:process in which a drug passes into the bloodstream -Distribution: the transportation of a drug from its site of absorption to site of action. -Biotransformation: process by which a drug is converted to a less active form. EX. Metabolism or detoxification. -Excretion: process in which metabolites and drugs are eliminated from the body. What are some developmental factors affecting medication action? -older adults: decreased liver and kidney function, taking multiple drugs resulting in incompatibilities, beta blockers can cause confusion and dizziness What are some examples of gender factors that affect medication action? -body fat, fluid, and hormonal differences. - more studies have been done on men What are some examples of cultural, ethnic, and genetic factors that affect medication action? -genes that control liver metabolism vary -certain meds may work well at usual therapeutic dosages for certain ethnic groups but toxic for others. - herbal remedy may speed up or slow down metabolism of prescribed meds What are some examples of diet that effect medication action? -nutrients can effect action of a medication. What are some examples of time of admin that effect medication action? Some oral meds are absorbed more quickly if the stomach is empty; whereas other meds rapidly absorb when administered with food. What are the different routes of administration? -oral -buccal -sublingual -transdermal -sub-q -topical -IM -ID -IV -inhalation -rectal -vaginal