Evolution Exam 1 Study Guide questions and answers well illustrated 2023.

Evolution Exam 1 Study Guide questions and answers well illustrated 2023. Biological evolution - correct answers.Any change in the inherited traits of a population that occurs from one generation to the next (i.e., over a time period longer than the lifetime of an individual in the population) Change has to be passed down Encoded in genes Natural Selection - correct answers.Mechanism that can lead to evolution, whereby differential survival and reproduction of individuals cause some genetic types to out-compete others NOT survival of the fittest ( only true if fittest means producing more offspring) Started by random mutation which is helpful in the habitat Passing these genes on is the MOST important thing Descent with modification - correct answers.1. Earth and life are OLD 2. New life-forms derive from older forms = macroevolution 3. All life-forms are related = Shared Ancestry 4. Lineages split and diverge = speciation 5. Species change over time = microevolution Marie Curie - correct answers.Discovered radioactive isotope decay Instrumental in development of radiometric dating (carbon dating) Synapomorphies - correct answers.A derived form of a trait that is shared by a group of related species (i.e. one that evolved in the immediate common ancestor of the group and was inherited by all of its descendants) Convergent evolution - correct independent origin of similar traits in separate evolutionary lineages Similar environments lead to similar adaptations in unrelated species E.x. Both birds and bats evolved to fly but aren't closely related Shared Ancestry - correct answers.When two species share a common ancestor All life can be traced back to one ancestor The more two species share an ancestry, the closer related they are Artificial selection - correct answers.Evidence of microevolution (species change over time) When humans select for certain traits in a population, breeding animals so that those traits become more common or exaggerated Zoonosis - correct answers.The process of infectious disease transmission between species When a disease jumps from an animal to a human Viral reassortment - correct answers.Occurs when genetic material from different strains gets mixed into new combinations within a single individual Several strains of a virus come together, become more potent, can then attack humans Charles Darwin - correct answers.English naturalist Trained at medical school Traveled on the HMS beagle in 1931 Collected many fossils, living organisms Studied geology Developed the theory of evolution (descent with modification) Published "On the Origin of Species" Influenced by many who came before him Believed in common ancestry, natural selection Nicolas Steno - correct answers.Father of geology and stratigraphy (study of layering in rock) Believed "tongue stones" were actually fossilized shark teeth Two critical ideas 1. Life and earth had a history of change 2. Earth itself kept a record of that history Didn't believe in evolution Catholic Bishop Carl Linnaeus - correct answers.Father of modern taxonomy Classified animals into a system and hierarchy Organized life into species, genus, phylum, etc Believed God had created life's diversity in the beginning (i.e. all species have been present from the beginning of creation) Taxon - correct answers.Refers to groups of organisms that a taxonomist judges to be cohesive units, such as a species or order Group of organisms put together as a unit (phylum, etc) Taxonomy - correct answers.The science of describing, naming, and classifying species of living or fossil organisms Georges Buffon - correct answers.Proposed that the earth formed according to laws of physics and chemistry and from debris of the Sun Believed earth to be old (70,000 years) Proposed that life started from organic particles in the ocean Believed life had distinct types when it first emerged, BUT also thought populations could change over time Argued life had changed over time Paleontology - correct answers.The study of prehistoric life Extinction - correct answers.Refers to the permanent loss of a species Marked by the death or failure to breed of the last individual Georges Cuvier - correct answers.French naturalist who pioneered the study of paleontology Compared elephant fossils to modern skeletons and discovered key differences Proposed these fossils (called mammoths) were species that had gone extinct Believed species had gone extinct and others rose up to take their place Rejected evolution Mary Annig - correct answers.English woman who discovered many marine fossils on the English coast These fossils provided evidence for the concept of evolution James Hutton - correct answers.Scottish chemist and geologist Recognized that change is gradual on earth - processes (like sediment deposition) accumulate over time Thus thought that the earth was very old William Smith - correct answers.Discovered that different rock layers contained distinct fossils (old fossils in old rocks, new fossils in newer rocks) Thus the different strata of rocks were set apart by time E.x. A dinosaur that lived 100 million years ago would be found in the layer of rock that was set down around that time Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - correct answers.Life driven from simple to complex Complex species had descended from microbes Believed animals could adapt to their environment (Giraffe stretching his neck to eat) - this adaptation would then be passed down to its offspring (this was incorrect b/c somatic mutations cant be passed down) First proponent of evolution Thomas Malthus - correct answers.Economists who thought that population growth would outstrip food production Humans would reach their carrying capacity on earth due to lack of natural resources Alfred Russel Wallace - correct answers.Corresponded closely with Darwin Wallace effect - Two different populations separate and speciate. If they meet again, hybrids selected against, speciation occurs again (now called reinforcement) Also proposed that life had evolved Agreed with the idea of natural selection His letters to Darwin were read at the Linnean society Homologous trait - correct answers.Characteristics which are similar in two or more species because they are inherited from a common ancestor Analogous trait - correct answers.A trait that has a similar function in two species because they both independently evolved it (convergent evolution) NOT due to a common ancestor Adaptations - correct answers.Inherited traits of an individual that allow it to outcompete other members of the same population that lack the trait Adaptations are traits that have evolved through the mechanism of natural selection Lord Kelvin - correct answers.Argued that the earth couldn't be hundreds of millions of years old Proposed that the earth was formed as molten rock which space then cooled into the crust. The heat left inside the planet flowed to the surface. Thus if a rock cools at a steady rate (and rocks deep underground are still warm), the earth has not cooled enough to be super old. He estimated the earth to be 20 million years old at most This was wrong b/c his calculations were based on earth as a rigid sphere Radioactive isotopes - correct answers.Decay at a steady rate and have a half life Half life = the amount of time it takes for half of the isotope's atoms to decay Parent isotope decays into more stable daughter isotopes Used for radiometric dating = using the half-lifes of atoms in rocks to estimate their age Biomarker - correct answers.Molecule produced only through biological activity Include fragments of DNA, lipids, etc Molecular evidence of life in the fossil record Oparin-Haldane model - correct answers.Life started on earth from a chemical "soup"