A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 13TH EDITION TEST BANK BY PATRICK J. HURLEY, LORI WATSON | COMPLETE ALL CHAPTERS 2023/2024

A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 13TH EDITION TEST BANK BY PATRICK J. HURLEY, LORI WATSON | COMPLETE ALL CHAPTERS 2023/2024. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women. Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison. ANS: B PTS: 2 6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to visit pay-per-click ads. a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. c. Nonargument. d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall. ANS: E PTS: 2 7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists. Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere. ANS: C PTS: 2 8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted. a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. 2 e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted. ANS: A PTS: 2 9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing. Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. e. Nonargument. ANS: D PTS: 2 10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease. Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease. e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells. ANS: B PTS: 2 11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by 82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants. Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity. ANS: D PTS: 2 12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how may more would have been exonerated? a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit. 3 ANS: E PTS: 2 13. Some over-the-counter medicines should not be given to very young children. For example, cold medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines. These substances raise blood pressure and heart rate. If an overdose should occur in a young child, the result can be fatal. a. Argument; conclusion: Some over-the-counter medicines ... very young children. b. Argument; conclusion: These substances raise blood pressure and heart rate. c. Argument; conclusion: If an overdose ... the result can be fatal. d. Argument; conclusion: Cold medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines. e. Nonargument. ANS: A PTS: 2 14. The world-wide disappearance of frogs may be the result of agricultural runoff. Scientists have shown that runoff rich in fertilizer causes a pronounced increase in the algae of lakes and ponds. Snails then gorge themselves on the algae, causing parasites living inside them to produce huge quantities of eggs. When the eggs hatch, the parasites infect young frogs, causing severe deformation of their limbs. a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: Snails then gorge themselves ... huge quantities of eggs. c. Argument; conclusion: The world-wide disappearance ... agricultural runoff. d. Argument; conclusion: When the eggs hatch ... severe deformation of their limbs. e. Argument; conclusion: Scientists have shown ... in the algae of lakes and ponds. ANS: C PTS: 2 15. Little is known of the Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived around 400 B.C. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics. It requires the physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, refrain from intentional wrongdoing, and keep confidential all matters pertaining to the doctor-patient relationship. William C. Cockerham, Medical Sociology a. Argument; conclusion: The writings attributed to him ... medical practice. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: It requires the physician ... doctor-patient relationship. d. Argument; conclusion: One of his most famous contributions ... medical ethics. e. Argument; conclusion: Little is known ... who lived around 400 B.C. ANS: B PTS: 2 16. Two million children have been killed in armed conflicts in the last decade. Three times as many have been injured or permanently disabled. Millions of others have been forced to take part in or witness horrifying acts of violence. In countless cases the impact of armed conflict on children's lives remains invisible. The children themselves may be removed from the public, in institutions, or survive as victims of prostitution. But those who have lost parents often experience humiliation, rejection and discrimination, and suffer in silence as their self-esteem crumbles. Child Rights Information Network a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: Two million children ... in the last decade. c. Argument; conclusion: But those who have lost parents ... self-esteem crumbles. d. Argument; conclusion: In countless cases ... remains invisible. e. Argument; conclusion: Three times as many ... permanently disabled. ANS: A PTS: 2 4 17. An element is a collection of atoms of the same type. Each atom contains three fundamental particles a proton, a neutron, and an electron. The protons and neutrons are in the center, or nucleus, of the atom. Protons have a positive charge, while neutrons have no electric charge. The electrons have a negative charge and orbit about the nucleus at a specific distance. Edward F. Albin, Earth Science Made Easy a. Argument; conclusion: An element is a collection of atoms of the same type. b. Argument; conclusion: The electrons have a negative charge ... specific distance. c. Nonargument. d. Argument; conclusion: Each atom contains ... an electron. e. Argument; conclusion: The protons and neutrons ... of the atom. ANS: C PTS: 2 INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments. Select the best answer for each. 18. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then the universe is billions of years old. And if the Big Bang theory is correct, then the universe was not created in six days. Thus, if the universe is billions of years old, then it was not created in six days. a. Deductive, valid. b. Inductive, strong. c. Inductive, cogent. d. Inductive, weak. e. Deductive, invalid. ANS: E PTS: 2 19. The engraved plate beneath this painting in the art museum says "Monet." Therefore, the painting must be the work of Monet. a. Inductive, cogent. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, valid. d. Inductive, strong. e. Deductive, invalid. ANS: D PTS: 2 20. Canada is similar in many ways to the United States. Both countries share the same language, values, and a free market economy. Also, they share a common border. Therefore, the Canadian flag must look a lot like the U.S. flag. a. Inductive, weak. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, strong. d. Deductive, sound. e. Deductive, valid. ANS: A PTS: 2 21. Either Bill Clinton or George W. Bush was president when the World Trade Center towers were destroyed. But Bush was not president at that time. Therefore, Bill Clinton was president when those buildings were destroyed. a. Inductive, invalid. b. Deductive, valid. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, strong. 5 e. Inductive, weak. ANS: B PTS: 2 22. As the universe expands, it gets colder and colder. Furthermore, this expansion will continue for ever and ever. Therefore, at some point in the future the universe will become too cold to support human life, and all humans will perish. a. Deductive, invalid. b. Deductive, valid. c. Deductive, sound. d. Inductive, strong. e. Inductive, weak. ANS: D PTS: 2 23. No drug cartels are legal operations, so no legal operations are enterprises that engage in smuggling, because all drug cartels are enterprises that engage in smuggling. a. Deductive, valid. b. Inductive, strong. c. Inductive, weak. d. Deductive, sound. e. Deductive, invalid. ANS: E PTS: 2 24. Given that x 2 + 2x = 15. It follows that x = 3. a. Inductive, strong. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, valid. d. Inductive, cogent. e. Deductive, invalid. ANS: C PTS: 2 25. Graffiti painted on that vacant building says "Boycott Meat." Therefore, it's clear that we should all become vegetarians. a. Deductive, sound. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, strong. ANS: B PTS: 2 26. James Bloomfield, the widely respected expert on art authentication, says that the painting recently discovered in the basement of the art museum is a genuine Picasso. Therefore, we conclude that the painting is indeed a genuine Picasso. a. Deductive, invalid. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, valid. d. Inductive, cogent. e. Inductive, strong. ANS: E PTS: 2 6 27. Astrological calculations indicate that the U.S. stock market will crash in the year 2014. Therefore, you should get your money out of the market before that year. a. Inductive, cogent. b. Deductive, valid. c. Inductive, weak. d. Deductive, invalid. e. Inductive, strong. ANS: C PTS: 2 28. If organic food contains pesticides, then consumers are misled. Organic food does not contain pesticides. Therefore, consumers are not misled. a. Inductive, weak. b. Inductive, strong. c. Deductive, valid. d. Deductive, invalid. e. Deductive, sound. ANS: D PTS: 2 29. When Jack took his car in for service, the mechanic charged him for lots of work that didn't need to be done. The same thing happened to Niki and Claire. Apparently mechanics these days are just a bunch of crooks. a. Inductive, strong. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Deductive, valid. e. Deductive, sound. ANS: B PTS: 2 30. All aerobic exercises are calorie burners and all calorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, all aerobic exercises are weight reducers. a. Deductive, valid. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, weak. d. Inductive, strong. e. Inductive, cogent. ANS: A PTS: 2 31. After hearing Jordan's speech in the student council, Michael rolled his eyes and shook his head. Apparently Michael didn't agree with what Jordan said. a. Deductive, valid. b. Deductive, sound. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, weak. e. Inductive, strong. ANS: E PTS: 2 32. Brandon is a polytheist. Therefore, he believes in more than one god. a. Inductive, cogent. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, weak. 7 d. Deductive, valid. e. Inductive, strong. ANS: D PTS: 2 33. Given that figure A is a triangle, and one of its sides has a length of 1 foot. It follows that its area is less than 1 square foot. a. Inductive, weak. b. Deductive, valid. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Deductive, sound. e. Inductive, strong. ANS: C PTS: 2 34. After buying a pair of Blue Atlas jeans, Carter was disappointed to find that they fell apart after only one month. The same think happened to Jeff, Mario, and Ralph. Apparently Blue Atlas jeans don't hold up very well. a. Inductive, strong. b. Inductive, cogent. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, weak. e. Deductive, valid. ANS: A PTS: 2 INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer for each multiple choice question. 35. Which of the following are all premise indicators? a. For, because, consequently. b. Inasmuch as, thus, Accordingly. c. Consequently, hence, thus. d. Since, given that, because. e. Given that, for the reason that, wherefore. ANS: D PTS: 2 36. Which of the following are all arguments? a. Illustrations, syllogisms, explanations. b. Predictions, categorical syllogisms, arguments from signs. c. Warnings, conditional statements, statements of belief. d. Expository passages, reports, pieces of advice. e. Propositions, analogies, inferences. ANS: B PTS: 2 37. Which of the following are all deductive arguments? a. Hypothetical syllogisms, disjunctive syllogisms, arguments based on mathematics. b. Generalizations, predictions, causal inferences. c. Arguments from authority, disjunctive syllogisms, predictions. d. Arguments from authority, generalizations, Arguments from analogy. e. Arguments based on signs, causal inferences, arguments in science. ANS: A PTS: 2 38. An argument whose conclusion rests on some geometrical procedure is: 8 a. A strong argument. b. An inductive argument. c. A deductive argument. d. A valid argument. e. A sound argument. ANS: C PTS: 2 39. An argument whose conclusion rests on a similarity between two things or situations is: a. A valid argument. b. An inductive argument. c. A sound argument. d. A cogent argument. e. A deductive argument. ANS: B PTS: 2 40. In the expression "The moon sends forth light because it reflects light from the sun," the statement "The moon sends forth light" is called the: a. Explanandum. b. Consequent. c. Explanans. d. Conclusion. e. Premise. ANS: A PTS: 2 41. In the expression "If a nation engages in torture, then it loses moral authority in the world community," the statement "A nation engages in torture" is called the: a. Conclusion. b. Consequent. c. Conditional. d. Explanandum. e. Antecedent. ANS: E PTS: 2 42. Which of the following is a sufficient condition for committing a crime? a. Having a good lawyer. b. Going to jail. c. Avoiding the police. d. Robbing a bank. e. Signing a confession. ANS: D PTS: 2 43. Which of the following is a necessary condition for playing baseball? a. Being able to run the bases faster than the other players. b. Being able to catch a fly ball. c. Having a bat. d. Being able to steal a base. e. Having an umpire. ANS: C PTS: 2 44. If a deductive argument has one true premise and a true conclusion, then we know: 9 a. Nothing as such about the argument's validity. b. The argument is invalid. c. The argument is valid. d. The argument is weak. e. The argument is uncogent. ANS: A PTS: 2 PROBLEM INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to the counterexample method. 1. PART A Some cashmere sweaters are fashionable garments, so some cashmere sweaters are not suede jackets, for some suede jackets are not fashionable garments. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. Some C are F. b. Some S are not F. c. Some S are not F. Some C are not S. Some C are F. Some C are not S. Some S are not F. Some C are not S. Some C are F. d. Some F are not S. e. Some C are F. Some F are C. Some F are not S. Some S are not C. Some C are not S. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? a. C = animals, F = cats, S = mammals. b. C = dogs, F = animals, S = mammals. c. C = dogs, F = mammals, S = fish. d. C= mammals, F = animals, S = dogs. e. C = cats, F = mammals, S = animals. ANS: Part A: b Part B: e PTS: 4 2. PART A If cell phone companies screen text messages, then freedom of speech is threatened. Thus, freedom of speech is not threatened, because cell phone companies do not screen text messages. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. If C then F. b. Not F. c. All C are F. C. Not C. C. F. If C then F. F. d. If C then F. e. If C then F. Not C. Not F. Not F. Not C. PART B 10 Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? a. C = Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, F = George Washington was assassinated. b. C = Joe Smith was beheaded, F= Joe Smith is dead. c. C = Abraham Lincoln was beheaded, F = Abraham Lincoln is dead. d. C = Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, F = Abraham Lincoln is dead. e. C = Abraham Lincoln was beheaded, F = Abraham Lincoln is not dead. ANS: Part A: d Part B: c PTS: 4 3. PART A All container ships that are ocean going are air polluters. Hence, all container ships are air polluters. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. All C are A. b. All C are A. c. All CS are O. All C are O. All C that are O are A. All CS are A. d. All C are O. e. All C that are O are A. All C are A. All C are A. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? a. C = husbands, O = married, A = men. b. C = men, O = humans, A = mammals. c. C = men, O = married, A = husbands. d. C = wives, O = divorced, A = women. e. C = cats, O = animals, A = dogs. ANS: Part A: e Part B: c PTS: 4 11 Chapter 1 Test B MULTIPLE CHOICE INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each. 1. Authoritarian states are characterized by strong central governments that fairly stringently limit the range of political activity. More often than not, they are one-party states, which means that only one party, that which supports the government, is allowed to engage in political activity. Free discussion and association are strictly curtailed in these systems. Anyone who might dare to criticize the government or to express ideas that are not in conformity with its policies can be severely punished, even by death. Robert A. Heineman, Political Science a. Argument; conclusion: More often than not ... engage in political activity. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Authoritarian states ... limit the range of political activity. d. Argument; conclusion: Anyone who might dare to criticize ... even by death. e. Argument; conclusion: Free discussion and association ... in these systems. ANS: B PTS: 2 2. Prior to their extinction, Neanderthals had been widespread in Europe for 100,000 years. Then 50,000 years ago, modern humans moved into Europe from Africa. Twenty-six thousand years after that the last Neanderthal died. At one time it was thought that the Neanderthals were killed by climate change, but this theory has now been discounted. So why did the Neanderthals perish? Probably they were killed by the humans. a. Argument; conclusion: Then 50,000 years ago ... Europe from Africa. b. Argument; conclusion: At one time it was thought ... now been discounted. c. Argument; conclusion: Prior to their extinction ... 100,000 years. d. Nonargument. Twenty-six thousand years after that the last Neanderthal died. e. Argument; conclusion: Probably they were killed by the humans. ANS: E PTS: 2 3. Hair turns color when we age because the follicles at the base of the hair shaft cease to produce melanin. Melanin is a chemical that gives the hair shaft its color (black, brown, blond, red, and all shades in between). The darkness or lightness of your hair depends on how much melanin each strand contains. With age, the cells in the follicle that produce melanin die off. As they do so, that hair strand will become silver, grey, or white, as it grows. a. Argument; conclusion: The follicles ... cease to produce melanin. b. Argument; conclusion: Hair turns color when we age. c. Argument; conclusion: With age, the cells in the follicle ... die off. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: The darkness or lightness ... each strand contains. ANS: D PTS: 2 4. Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by those who are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plain bigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that bring evolution about certainly need study and clarification. There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we are constantly learning new and important facts about evolutionary mechanisms. 12 Theodosius Dobzhansky, "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution" a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: By contrast, the mechanisms ... study and clarification. c. Argument; conclusion: Yet we are constantly ... evolutionary mechanisms. d. Argument; conclusion: Evolution as a process ... blocks or to plain bigotry. e. Argument; conclusion: There are no alternatives ... critical examination. ANS: A PTS: 2 5. Scientists have recently shown that heaps of intact DNA from the extinct wooly mammoth are retrievable from the animals' fur. A great deal of that fur is readily available in natural history museums. Such amounts of DNA make it possible to piece together the entire mammoth genome. Hence, we can expect to see mammoth clones in the not too distant future. a. Argument; conclusion: A great deal of that fur ... natural history museums. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Scientists have recently shown ... animals' fur. d. Argument; conclusion: We can expect to see ... in the not too distant future. e. Argument; conclusion: Such amounts of DNA ... the entire mammoth genome. ANS: D PTS: 2 6. The loss of arctic ice is accelerating as a result of a form of positive feedback. As arctic ice melts, the arctic icecap reflects fewer rays from the sun. When this happens, more rays are absorbed by the surrounding ocean, which increases its temperature. As the temperature of the ocean rises, more arctic ice melts. a. Argument; conclusion: When this happens ... which increases its temperature. b. Argument; conclusion: As the temperature of the ocean rises ... ice melts. c. Argument; conclusion: The loss of arctic ice ... positive feedback. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: As arctic ice melts ... fewer rays from the sun. ANS: C PTS: 2 7. If its ion engine operates as planned, its huge solar panel remains deployed and undamaged, and its xenon energy source is not exhausted, then the Dawn spacecraft will reach both Vesta and Ceres (large asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter), and scientists will gather information about the formation of planets, whether Ceres has a buried ocean of fresh water, and whether vestiges of life lurk beneath its icy surface. a. Argument; conclusion: Its ion engine operates ... not exhausted. b. Argument; conclusion: The Dawn spacecraft ... Mars and Jupiter) c. Argument; conclusion: The Dawn spacecraft ... beneath its icy surface. d. Argument; conclusion: Scientists will gather information ... formation of planets. e. Nonargument. ANS: E PTS: 2 8. To focus on the performance of the stock market is to zero in on an economic indicator that can do well even as the country does poorly. In 2006, for instance, the Dow Jones industrial average hit highs. According to the just released census data, however, median earnings fell one percent, and millions more Americans entered the ranks of the uninsured. Indeed, from 2000 to 2007 the S&P 500 gained more than 500 points. Meanwhile, the median household income fell by more than $900. Ezra Klein, "Stock Split" a. Argument; conclusion: According to the just released ... ranks of the uninsured. b. Argument; conclusion: To focus on the performance ... the country does poorly