BASIC GERIATRICS UNITS 1,2,3 LATEST EXAM(QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) A+ GRADED

BASIC GERIATRICS UNITS 1,2,3 LATEST EXAM(QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) A+ GRADED international_____ occurs whinny person deliberately plans to mistreat or harm another person. - CORRECT ANSWER-ABUSE The group responsible for the rapid growth in the older adult population is the group known as the _______. - CORRECT ANSWER-BABY BOOMERS Population size, distribution, and vital statistics would be included in the statistical study of human populations known as_____. - CORRECT ANSWER-DEMOGRAPHICS _____ is the medical specialty that deals with the physiology of aging and with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting older adults. - CORRECT ANSWERGERIATRICS Nurses are _______ of elder abuse, which means it is against the law if you suspect elder abuse and do not report it. - CORRECT ANSWER-MANDATED REPORTERS _____ is a passive form of abuse in which caregivers fail to provide for the needs of the older person under their care. - CORRECT ANSWER-NEGLECT _____ allows the primary caregiver to have time away from the demands of caregiving, thereby decreasing stress and risk for abuse. - CORRECT ANSWER-RESPITE Citizens of the United States (US) have a relatively lower life expectancy (US ranks 42nd of 223 countries, according to the Central Intelligence Agency). Higher levels of accidental and violent deaths, obesity, relatively high infant mortality, and the high cost of health care may be contributing factors. How can nurses intervene to decrease the impact of these factors that adversely affect life expectancy in the US? - CORRECT ANSWER-The nurse can help decrease the impact of these factors by educating the patients. To motivate and encourage them to take a "health life-style" aspect. Describe the type of older adult who would be an appropriate candidate for a skilled care facility. - CORRECT ANSWER-If the patient requires daily nursing care, assistance with daily living activities, and therapy services. The patient is an appropriate candidate for skilled care. Explain what happens to women in their forties and fifties who are part of the "sandwich" generation. - CORRECT ANSWER-They are between the obligation of taking care of their aging parents. Their parents may be ill, or are unable to perform various tasks, or need financial help. These women are caring for children and older relatives. The home health nurse is talking to an older adult patient who is considering the option of a reverse mortgage. What facts could the nurse discuss with the patient about this option? - CORRECT ANSWER-That there are CONS to a reverse mortgage such as the interest will increase loans and fees overtime. They would have fewer assists to leave as inheritance to their children. Identify signs of abuse that the nurse could see among older adult patients. - CORRECT ANSWER-Injuries, bruises, cuts, broken bones, malnutrition, poor hygiene, significant weight loss, signs of anxiety, depression, or concussion. What could the charge nurse of a long-term care facility do to decrease incidents of abuse of patients by staffmembers? - CORRECT ANSWER-Improve staff training to identify and defuse potential abuse situations. The charge nurse can also try to create a positive work environment with a full staffing team. Which personal behavior is a demonstration of gerontophobia? - CORRECT ANSWERa 43-year-old woman wears her teenage daughter's clothes Several nursing students are discussing career options. Which student statement demonstrates ageism? - CORRECT ANSWER-"working with older adults could be rewarding, but I couldn't really use all of my skills" An older adult widow who lives alone in her own home is having difficulty with driving, grocery shopping, cooking, and home maintenance. What type of living arrangement would be most suitable for her? - CORRECT ANSWER-Assisted Living An older adult patient is having an argument with her daughter. Which statement represents the most significant issue that older adult patients and their families must face? - CORRECT ANSWER-"You can't tell me what to do. I'm your mother." The police bring an older adult patient to the hospital because he was wandering in the street and unable to remember his address. His clothing is soiled and he appears malnourished and dehydrated. What would the nurse do first? - CORRECT ANSWERNotify social services about potential abuse and/or neglect. An older adult suffers a stroke and arrives in the emergency department in a comatose state. Several days later, the patient remains in a coma with a poor prognosis. Family members are distraught and cannot agree on how to proceed. What is the best action to help the family to reach consensus? - CORRECT ANSWER-Help the family to review the patient's living will to find out what the patient would want _____ therapy is a proposed method of neutralizing free radicals, which may contribute to aging and disease processes. - CORRECT ANSWER-ANTIOXIDANT _____ theories of aging attempt to explain the physical changes of aging. - CORRECT ANSWER-BIOLOGIC ______ are unstable molecules produced by the body during the normal processes of respiration and metabolism or following exposure to radiation and pollution. - CORRECT ANSWER-FREE RADICALS The premise of the ____ theory is that there is an increase in autoimmune diseases and allergies with aging, because of the changes in the immune system. - CORRECT ANSWER-IMMUNOLOGIC The disengagement theory and the activity there are the two examples of ____ theory. - CORRECT ANSWER-PSYCHOSOCIAL There is no single unified rationale for why we age or why different people lie for different lengths of time, but ____ help to explain and give some logical order to our observations. - CORRECT ANSWER-THEORIES In your own words, explain why theories of aging are important to nursing practice. - CORRECT ANSWER-Theories are created and used to explain and organize observations of what happens in the world around us. Nurses use biopsychosocial theories to understand patients, to improve care, and do research. Identify one of the biologic theories of aging that you would like to know more about and describe why that theory appeals to you. - CORRECT ANSWER-Various programmed theories allow for some predictability in changes of aging, coping and adoption skills would be encouraged. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of antioxidants therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER-Supplements are available at a reasonable price, but there is a potential for problems because high doses of antioxidants may cause more harm than be beneficial. There is no proof that antioxidants are effective; but consuming fruits and vegetables these nutrients would be on the safer side. Discuss some of the limitations of hormone therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone therapy may cause more harm than benefits. Hormone therapy requires a prescription or supervised medical administration, which is most likely to not be covered by health insurance. A 53-year-old woman (5′2″ and 120 pounds) tells you that she has decided to follow a calorie-restricted diet to improve longevity. What could you tell her? - CORRECT ANSWER-Inform the patient that she is not overweight and advise her to consult a nutritionist or her health care provider to ensure that adequate nutrition is maintained. Discuss two or three reasons that may contribute to the older adult's personal decision to try nutritional supplements. - CORRECT ANSWER-Many nutritional supplements are marketed as "natural" remedies to may enhance their nutritional status. Also many older and younger patients will take over-the-counter for adequate health care natural supplements are most always more affordable than prescriptions. Identify the main points of Newman's theory of aging. - CORRECT ANSWER-(1) Coping with the physical changes of aging (2) redirecting energy to new activities and roles , including retirement, grand-parenting, and widow; (3) Accepting one's own life (4) developing a point of view about death. Identify the main points of Havighurt's theory of aging. - CORRECT ANSWER-(1) Adjusting to decreased physical strength and health (2) Adjusting to retirement and decreased income (3) Adjusting to loss of a spouse (4) Establishing a relationship with one's age group (5) Adapting to social roles in a flexible way (6) Establishing satisfactory living arrangements Based on your observations of an older adult whom you know or have cared for during a clinical experience, give an example of how that older adult is achieving (of failing) the developmental task of integrity versus despair. - CORRECT ANSWER-Note whether he/she has pride an satisfaction with past accomplishments or whether events are remembered with regret and unhappiness The nurse is doing patient teaching for a 50-year-old woman. Based on the application of the programmed theory of aging, which brochure is the nurse most likely to offer the patient? - CORRECT ANSWER-"perimenopause and Menopause: most frequently asked questions" Two nursing students are exhausted after studying about the biologic theories of aging. They decide to have some fun and perform an action that is based on the rate of living theory. Which action do they perform? - CORRECT ANSWER-Hold their breath for as long as they can According to the disengagement theory, what is the nurse most likely to observe while assessing an older adult? - CORRECT ANSWER-Decreased interest and involvement in social interactions The nurse is designing a group activity for a group of older women who have mild loss of self-esteem and a reluctance to socialize. None have serious cognitive or physical impairments. Based on the activity theory, which activity will the nurse suggest? - CORRECT ANSWER-A weekly knitting group to make hats for premature infants According to Jung's theory, which statement by an older adult indicates successful aging? - CORRECT ANSWER-"well, when I look back at my life, I am happy to say that I did it my way." Carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER-Cancer Cardiomegaly - CORRECT ANSWER-Enlargement of the heart Cataracts - CORRECT ANSWER-Clouting of the lens of the eye Dementia - CORRECT ANSWER-Permanent or progressive organic Diverticulosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Presence of small pouches or sacs that develop Glaucoma - CORRECT ANSWER-Increased fluid pressure within the eye that may result in damage to the retina Hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER-Reduced function of the thyroid gland Ischemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Results when there is significantly deceased oxygen delivered to the tissue Nystagmus - CORRECT ANSWER-Rapid, involuntary eye movement Orthostatic hypotension - CORRECT ANSWER-Occurs because the circulation does not respond Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Porous, brittle, fragile bones that are susceptible Seborrheic Dermatitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Unsightly slinkier condition characterized by yellow, waxy crusts that can be either dry or moist Senile lentigo - CORRECT ANSWER-Melanocyte clusters form areas of deepened pigmentation Seborrheic Keratosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Slightly raised warlike macule with distinct edges senile purpura - CORRECT ANSWER-Capillary walls become increasingly fragile with age and may hemorrhage Xerosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Dry skin Identify three or four changes in the skin that would be expected findings in an older adult and list appropriate care strategies. - CORRECT ANSWER-(1) care strategies: adjust room temperature and provide adequate clothing or covers to prevent chilling. (2) provide adequate fluid to prevent dehydration (3) modify skin care to reduce drying. Facilitate referral to podiatrist. (1) decreased vascularity: increased pallor in white skin (2) Decreased amount of melanin: decreased hair color or graying (3) Decreased subcutaneous fat: Increased wrinkling Identify hematopoietic and lymphatic changes associated with aging and list the appropriate nursing assessments that should be conducted for these changes. - CORRECT ANSWER-Decreased red blood cell protection: increased incidence of anemia - Nursing assessment: monitor laboratory tests, including Hgb, Hct, WBC, and differential Identify neurologic changes associated with aging and list the appropriate nursing assessment that would be performed to identify and monitor these changes. - CORRECT ANSWER-Decreased peripheral nerve function: decreased more responses, increased risk for ischemic paresthesia in extremities Nursing assessment: Assess alertness level, cognition, and functional abilities identify four examples of modified signs and symptoms of infection that may occur in an older adult because of changes that occur in the immune system. - CORRECT ANSWER-Older adults with pneumonia may not have fever or chills. Dysuria is often absent in older adults with UTI's pain may be absent with peritonitis of appendicitis even though the individual is obviously ill physiologic response of older adults to tuberculosis skin testing maybe delayed or less intense the that of younger person according to the CDC, what are the five leading causes of death among older adults - CORRECT ANSWER-Heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease List factors that increases the risk for osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Nutritional diet low in calcium and vitamin D malabsorption disorder such as celiac disease, menopause low estrogen levels, chemotherapy, lack of exercise excessive alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, hormone imbalances, hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism, dilantin and oral corticosteroids Describe how changes in the musculoskeletal system can interfere with respiratory function - CORRECT ANSWER-Musculoskeletal system changes that occur with aging alter the size and shape of the chest cavity costal cartilage at the ends of the rib calcify and become more rigid best reducing rib cage mobility intercostal muscle atrophy and the diaphragm flattens and becomes less elastic all these changes reduced capacity and interfere with respiratory function resulting in a decrease ability to inhale and exhale deeply The nurse is assessing the patient's skin and notes the presence of several moles. Describe what the nurse might see if any mole is suspected to be a melanoma. - CORRECT ANSWER-Irregular shapes, irregular borders, changes in color, and changes in size or symptoms such as itching or bleeding are all considered abnormal Summarize important points about influenza immunizations for older adults - CORRECT ANSWER-Older adults are at higher risk for serious complications of influenza especially if there is a history of respiratory disease of other debilitating conditions yearly flu shots given in the fall are recommended for all persons older than 65 years of age to reduce the chance of contracting influenza. Explain the symptoms related to immunizations of mild individuals who are allergic to eggs should not receive the vaccine Describe the physiologic changes the could contribute to urinary incontinence and retention - CORRECT ANSWER-Reduced urinary bladder size and decreased bladder capacity many older people need to avoid when only a hundred of urine is present in addition overactive of the detrusor muscle can result in contraction of the bladder before the bladder is full loss of muscle tone can Perry voluntary control of the external sphincter or muscle atonic muscular changes may also occur in the wall of the bladder. Discuss cultural considerations for Alzheimer disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Hispanic are 1.5x and older African Americans are about twice as likely to have Alzheimers disease and other dementias compared to older wives there seems to be related to increased incidence of disease such as diabetes and hypertension rather than genetic factors researchers believe Alzheimers disease is diagnosed in American populations Identify risk factors for glaucoma - CORRECT ANSWER-increased for glaucoma increased with age additional risk factors include family history of diabetes African American ancestry hypertension and steroid use Explain how the condition of presbycusis would affect a patient - CORRECT ANSWERA person with presbycusis loses the ability to perceive high frequency sounds, speech sounds, such as S. CH and softee may not be audible. The only parts of spoken words Discuss the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER-Dietary means to control type 2 diabetes mellitus are preferred wight loss is encouraged but if dieting alone is not successful, oral hypoglycemia agents may be prescribed during illness or surgery persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus requires insulin administration to maintain normal plasma glucose levels aren't turn glycemic control as a monitor using glycated hemoglobin A1C and A1C up 7% or less desirable The nurse reads in the patient's chart that xerosis was noted during the physical examination. What symptom is the patient most likely to report that would be related to xerosis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Itching of the skin The nurse is reviewing the patient's medication list and sees that the patient takes alendronate Which question is the nurse most likely to ask about the patient's diet? - CORRECT ANSWER-What food do you eat that supply calcium and vitamin D The patient is diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Which signs and symptoms is the nurse most likely to assess for? - CORRECT ANSWER-Pain and stiffness, particularly after tests The nurse is assessing an older adult who resides in an extended care facility. The patient has a decreased gag reflex and decreased mental status and generally lies in a supine position. Which disorder is most likely to develop? - CORRECT ANSWERAspiration pneumonia An older patient reports that he was supposed to take a combination of isoniazid and rifampin, but he stopped taking the medications several months ago for financial reasons. Which diagnostic test would the nurse anticipate will be ordered to examine the effects of noncompliance with medication regimen? - CORRECT ANSWER-Sputum culture for acid-fast bacilli Which medical intervention is most likely to be recommended for a patient with sinus node dysfunction? - CORRECT ANSWER-Artificial pacemaker What is an early symptom of arterial occlusive disease? - CORRECT ANSWERIntermittent claudication For a patient with thrombophlebitis, which therapies would be included? (Select all that apply) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Elevation of the affected leg 2. Application of elastic stockings or wraps 3. Administration of analgesics 4. Anticoagulant therapy The nurse notes in the patient's history that the spleen was removed several years ago because of a car accident. Which safety precaution is the nurse most likely to initiate, based on this information? - CORRECT ANSWER-Assess for signs of infection and instruct visitors to practice good hand hygiene An increased plasma viscosity is one of the hematopoietic and lymphatic changes associated with aging. This change increases the risk of developing which disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vascular Occlusion For a patient with constipation, which intervention would the nurse suggest to maximize the gastrocolic reflex? - CORRECT ANSWER-Encourage defecation after eating