BYUI BIO181 Unit 1 Ecology Latest 2023 Rated A+

BYUI BIO181 Unit 1 Ecology Latest 2023 Rated A+ Organism A living thing Population A group of interbreeding organisms coexisting together (limited by time and location) Natural boundary Mountains, rivers, oceans, etc Artificial boundary mowed grass, man-made structures Community different species within an area and the interactions within and among these species Heterospecifics members of different species Ecosystem All the biotic components in an area with the abiotic components Biome Large areas of land with similar climate, flora (plants), and fauna (animals) Biosphere All of the parts of earth inhabited by life Biotic living things Abiotic Non-living things (gases, liquids, minerals, energy) Optimal zone zone where a stable healthy population survives and reproduces Zone of stress zone where small numbers can survive these difficult conditions, they focus on surviving Zone of intolerance zone where organisms cannot survive Biogeography study of the distribution of organisms around the world Endemic species species that are native to and found only within a limited area Hadley Cell Convection Currents that cycle between the equator, 30 degrees North and South. Ferrel Cell Cell that moves air form 30 degrees to 60 degrees latitude Polar cell Cells of air circulation occurring between 60 degrees north and south and each pole. Coriolis effect The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents. (EWE) nutrient cycling The circulation of chemicals necessary for life, from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment. Thermocline a steep temperature gradient in a body of water such as a lake, marked by a layer above and below which the water is at different temperatures. Evapostranspiration The process of water being transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from soil and other surface and by transpiration from plants tropical wet forests (rain forests) Hot year round, high rainfall, high net primary productivity, high diversity, plants with broad leaves Savanna grasslands with scattered trees, hot, tropical, moderate rainfall, large herbivores Subtropical desert Hot or cold, low unpredictable rainfall, low species diversity, smaller animals, deep rooted plants Chaparral (scrub forest) warm moderate winters, dry summers, low to moderate rainfall, Temperate grassland warm to hot summers; cold winters; moderate seasonal precipitation; fertile soils; occasional fires temperate forest warm summer, cold winter, deciduous trees, Boreal Forest (Taiga) Colder climate region, with coniferous trees; cold snowy winters and rainy summers that are warm enough to melt the snow Tundra Cool summers, cold winters, short growing season, low rainfall, plants low to ground intertidal zone Portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines neritic zone Area of ocean that extends from the low-tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf Oceanic Zone vast open ocean from the edge of the continental shelf outward Benthic realm seafloor Pelagic zone open water above the ocean floor Photic zone sunlight region near the surface of water (0-200m) Dysphotic zone the deeper, less biologically productive portion of the photic zone Aphotic zone permanently dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone Abyssal zone deepest, very cold region of the open ocean Estuary A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. Weather The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. (short term trends) Climate Overall weather in an area over a long period of time (year+) primary greenhouse gases water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane Milankovitch cycles Changes in the shape earth's orbit and tilt that cause glacial periods and interglacial periods. Demography The scientific study of population characteristics. Fecundity reproductive strategies Semelparous single reproductive episode before death Iteroparous Repeated reproduction throughout lifetime seasonal iteroparity distinct breeding seasons Type 1 curve of (Survivorship) Most survive while young, die off quickly when they are older Type 2 Curve (Survivorship) Equal survivorships Type 3 Curve (Survivorship) Most die when young, then they survive a long time K selected species type 1 survivorship curve r-selected species type 3 survivorship curve Predation Organism preying on an organism Herbivory Animal eating a plant Facilitaion Organisms can't live in an area, new "pioneer" organism comes in and survives, then makes it inhabitable for other organisms Symbiosis A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species. Mutualism both organisms benefit Parasitism One organism benefits and the other is harmed Commensalism one organism benefits and the other is unaffected Amenalism One organism is harmed and the other is unaffected Chemical defense toxins, bad taste, smell Mechanical defense Thorns, claws, shells Cryptic coloration camouflage aposematic coloration warning coloration/ patterning Batesian mimicry A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators. Mullerian mimicry two or more unpalatable species resemble each other Habitat Place where an organism lives Niche An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living. competitive exclusion principle Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time Foundational species a single species that creates the structure of the ecosystem keystone species A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem, keeps other species in check primary succession An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed secondary succession Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil, some life may still persist ultimate causes of behavior the evolutionary processes that produced the animal's capacity and tendency to behave in particular ways proximate causation "how" a behavior occurs or is modified Simple Reflex a rapid, uncomplicated, and automatic response involving very few neurons; fixed action pattern a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus Signal displays Visual, chemical, tactile, or aural displays used in aggression, courtship, or cooperative actions. Habituation an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Imprinting the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life classical conditioning a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (doesn't change the behavior) operant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher Cognitive learning the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language Law of Conservation of Matter Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change first law of thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed second law of thermodynamics Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. gross primary productivity Photosynthesis + chemosynthesis net primary productivity (Photosynthesis+ chemosynthesis)- producer metabolism Net Ecosystem Productivity (Photosynthesis+ chemosynthesis)- producer metabolism- consumer metabolism Eutrophication A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. Cretaceous Extinction -65 million years ago -asteroid in Yucatan peninsula Mexico -debris block sun -extinction of many marine and land mammals, dinosaurs, birds spared Permian extinction Formation of Pangea, Largest mass extinction in history, as it wiped out about 90% of all marine animal species. Tragedy of the commons the tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self-interest for short-term gain