TCDHA Rad Theory FINAL 2023| with complete solution

TCDHA Rad Theory FINAL 2023| with complete solution First invented Xrays - Wilhelm Conrad Roetgen 1895 Classifications of ionizing radiation - electromagnetic, particulate electromagnetic radiation - man made or occurs naturally, possesses no mass Particulate radiation - tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds Tube head is immersed in - oil, to provide electrical insulation and dispense of heat Cathode - negative charge terminal made of tungsten anode - postive charge terminal made of copper Cones - 8 or 16 inches Collimator - Lead disk to restrict the size of the beam High mA produces - lighter image Low kVp produces - High contrast transformers - A device that increases or decreases the voltage of an electrical current Compton scattering - 62 percent Roentgen does not have a _____________ - SI equivalent Paralelling technique advantages - accurate, simple, standardized paralelling technique disadvantages - film placement, discomfort increased target receptor distance - avoids magnification central ray is _____degrees to receptor - 90 if the lack of parallelism is _______ the image is acceptable - less than 20 central ray is _______degrees to tooth surface - +10 Radiolucent - appears dark radiopaque - appears light airspace - black space between teeth Xray film layers - film base, adhesive layer, film emulsion, protective layer what is the thickest layer of xray film? - base components of film emulsion - gelatin and silver halide crystals latent image - remains invisible until the film is processed extraoral films - panoramic and cephalometric types of dental x-ray film - Intraoral Extraoral Duplicating uses of horizontal bitewings - interproximal caries and bone loss _______ silver hilade crystals create faster film speed - large F speed film requires _____ radiation exposure - less film speed is determined by - size of silver halide crystals thickness of the emulsion radiosensitive dyes purple films contain _____ film, blue have ____ - one, two the label side of a film packet - has a flap two types of extra oral film - screen and nonscreen cephalometric films are - square in shape modern dentistry uses - screen films emulsion appears on only one side on __________ films - duplicate intraoral film used for an overall view of the maillae - occlusal film characteristic to obtain standard density - speed Intensifying screens are used to - reduce patient radiation dose, and amplify the incoming x-ray beam if intensifying film is not in contact with the film - loss of image sharpness Ideal storage temp - 50-70 degrees fahrenheit short scale contrast - high contrast long scale contrast - low contrast sharpness is influenced by - Focal spot size, film composition, movement image appears fuzzy - penumbra longer PID - less image magnification shorter PID - more image magnification vertical angulation - results in elongation invented paralleling technique - Fitzgerald strongest binding orbit - K Determine the energy and penetrating power of radiation - wavelengths Tube head seal - aluminum or leaded glass covering that permits exit of x-rays. restricts the size of the x-ray beam - lead collimator ideal collimation - rectangular silver halide crystals - Absorb radiation during x-ray exposure and store energy from the radiation ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable Regulates the temperature at the cathode filament - mA Stochastic - direct function of dose Somatic cells include reproductive - false inherent filtration - primary beam passes through the glass window of the xray tube, the insulating oil and the tube head which type of collimation is best - rectangular MPD - maximum permissible dose Film emulsion - increases sensitivity to x radiation Amalgam fillings appear ___ on processed films - radiopaque time___ affects contrast - does not Forshortening - excessive vertical angulation, tooth is shortened order for taking posterior PA - premolar then molar manual film processing steps - development, rinsing, fixation, washing, and drying rinsing - removes developer and stops the development process fixation - removes unexposed silver halide crystals, emulsion is hardened light leaks in a dark room will cause - fogged films safelight - red, placed 4 feet away from working area automatic processor developer temperature - 80-95 degrees time it takes for automatic processing - 4-6 minutes underdeveloped film - light, cold or weak developer was used overdeveloped film - dark, high developer tempera