NBCE Part 2 Chiropractic principles Exam Latest Updated

Who is DD Palmer? - Answer Discoverer/founder of chiropractic in 1985 DD Palmer was the first to use? - Answer Short levers (SP and TPs) What is the foundation of chiropractic? - Answer Tone What theory did DD palmer use? - Answer Nerve compression theory What are the causes of subluxations? - Answer Chemical (toxins), mechanical (trauma), psychic (thoughts) What did DD Palmer coin? - Answer Innate from christianity Where did DD Palmer learn chiropractic from? - Answer Eastern European bone setters What is chiropractic philosophy based on? - Answer Principle of structure (spinal column) to function (nervous system What is similar to innate? - Answer Homeostasis- self regulating and self healing What was BJ Palmers name? - Answer Bartlett Joshua Who was BJ Palmer in relation to chiropractic? - Answer Developer of chiropractic What did BJ Palmer do? - Answer Major chiropractic researchers in the 1950s What theory did BJ Palmer use? - Answer Cord compression theory What chart did BJ Palmer use? - Answer Meric chart of nerve tracing What technique did BJ Palmer use? - Answer HIO technique- only C1 and C2 were capable of subluxating and producing significant problems What instruments did BJ Palmer use? - Answer Neurocalometer- detected heart imbalances What philosophy did BJ Palmer use? - Answer Vitalism What is vitalism? - Answer Body requires something greater than physical and chemical processes to function What did Carver think about subluxations? - Answer Subluxations are from abnormal biomechanics caused by muscle imbalances in a weight bearing spine What model did Carver use? - Answer Pelvic distortion model- basic distortion of the spine starts in the pelvis What did cox/McManus develop? - Answer Flexion/distraction- developed a protocol for the treatment of lumbar disc protrusion, spondylolisthesis, facet syndrome, subluxation and scoliotic curves What did Dejarnette develop? - Answer SOT What is SOT? - Answer CSF flow through the pumping action of the sacrum and the cranial dura mater What theory did Gillet/Faye discover? - Answer Fixation theory of joint hypomobility What did Gonstead say? - Answer Subluxations are all posterior with disc wedging What does grostic focus on? - Answer Upper cervical specific, dentate ligament What did Hadley find? - Answer Disc herniations, exostoses or subluxations, may produce pressure on the dorsal nerve root Who is Hahnemann? - Answer Father of homeopathy What is homeopathy? - Answer Treats patients with heavily diluted preparations which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented Who is Hippocrates? - Answer Father of modern medicine First to manipulate Who is Illi? - Answer Joint hypermobility Described SI movement and pelvic dynamics Discovered and tested SI ligaments Who created the 3 phase model of instability? - Answer Kirkaldv/Willis What are the 3 phase model of instability? - Answer Dysfunction, unstable, stabilization, break up spinal adhesions on an injured segment What theory did Korr come up with? - Answer Segmental facilitation theory What did Korr establish? - Answer Established the concepts of subluxation creating a hyperactive nervous system, rather than a decrease in nerve impulses, muscle is central to his theory What did Langworthy, Smith and Paxson do? - Answer Wrote the first chiropractic textbook in 1906, people started to research and incorporate motion instead of bone out of place idea What did Skip Lantz revise? - Answer Faye's concepts of the vertebral subluxation complex (VSC) Who is Logan in chiropractic? - Answer Founder of logan basic technique- sacrum as keystone to spine, first to use heel lifts Who is Panjabi and White? - Answer World renown scientists in the field of biomechanics of the spine What did Selve discover? - Answer General adaptation syndrome- under optimum conditions the body can respond to stressors What did Stephenson write? - Answer Chiropractic textbook, identified 33 principles of chiropractic and safety pin cycle Who was Andrew Taylor Still? - Answer Founder of Osteopathy in 1856, utilized the circulatory system Who named chiropractic? - Answer Samuel Weed What are the underlying principles established for chiropractors? - Answer The existence of universal intelligence The presence of an inborn intelligence in all living things Health is an expression of the innate intelligence through innate matter Disease is the result of the interference with the transmission of innate Energy causing a decrease in the expression of innate intelligence What are the five components of a vertebral subluxation complex according to Faye? - Answer Neuropathophysiology Kinesiopathophysiology Myopathology histopathology Pathophysiology What is neuropathophysiology? - Answer Biomechanical insult to nerve tissue is proposed to cause neural dysfunction in the 3 forms What are the 3 forms of neuropathophysiology? - Answer Irritation (acute) Compression (chronic) Decreased axoplasmic transport- What is irritation due to? - Answer facilitation of the anterior horn exhibits hypertonicity or muscle spasm, of the lateral horn results in vasomotor changes (sympatheticotonia) of the posterior horn causes sensory changes (hyperesthesia) What does compression lead to? - Answer Degeneration, muscle atrophy, anesthesia, and sympathetic atonia What does axoplasmic transport alter? - Answer Development, growth and maintenance of cells What is kinesiopathophysiology? - Answer Hypomobility, diminished or absent joint play or segmental hypermobility due to compression, directly affected by chiro adjustment Cornerstone model of chiropractic because its the goal of the adjustment to restore motion What is myopathology? - Answer Spasm or hypertonicity of muscles as a result of compensation, facilitation, Hilton's law or any combination (acute if chronic becomes atrophy) What is histopathology? - Answer Damage on the cellular level via subluxation. this component relates to inflammation (release of histamines, prostaglandins and kinins) What are the 5 signs of inflammation? - Answer Redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function (functio laesa) What does hypoxia lead to? - Answer Anoxia (and resulting protein permeability/edema)> ischemia What is pathophysiology? - Answer Abnormal function of the spine and the body due to subluxation, long term effects, end result of the vertebral subluxation complex (dis-ease becomes disease) What is the neurological reflex model? - Answer All reflex arcs must involve the spinal cord. A reflex arc is where sensory meets motor. Reflexes are named by cause then effect. What does somatic refer to? - Answer Skin, bone, muscle, nerve What does visceral refer to? - Answer Autonomic- organs, blood, lymph What does psycho refer to? - Answer Thinking about something What is gate control theory of pain? - Answer Within the substantia gelantinosa (lamina II of the gray mater), several factors are able to block or facilitate the transmission of pain producing impulses to the thalamus, the degree to which the gate is open or closed depends on the spinal cord: Signals traveling on fast, type A afferent fibers greatly depress pain transmission (on slow, type C fibers) Pain fibers terminate at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the substantia gelatinosa Second orger mechanoreceptor axons also terminate here causing presynaptic inhibition What is the vascular insufficiency model? - Answer Vertebral arteries provide a large portion of the blood supply to the cranium and are the major blood supply to the brainstem Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency (VBAI) hypothesis states that cervical intervertebral subluxations may cause deflection or compression of the vertebral arteries, thereby altering cerebral circulation What are the signs and symptoms of vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency? - Answer Ataxia, diplopia, dizziness, diarrhea, dysphagia, falling to side, nausea, numbness, nystagmus, visual disturbances, vomiting Symptoms with rotation and extension of the head- never give 2nd adjustment What can cause VBAI? - Answer Injury to the cervical spine Congenital anomalies Spondylosis Atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis Subluxation of cervical vertebra What is the most common location of VBAI? - Answer Over the posterior arch of C1, rotation and extension of C1 and C2 causes the most compression to the vertebral artery