GCSE History - Medicine Through Time
Complete guide to the 16-marker including
detailed notes on every theme and how to
structure your answer
, Role of the Individual
o Hippocrates (460BC) – four humours theory, clinical observation, oath
o Galen (129AD) – theory of opposites, dissected animals (mistakes), church
o Hugh of Lucca – wine on wounds to reduce infection
o John of Ardene – English surgeon, surgical textbook ‘Practica’
o Al-Razi (Rhazes) – first general hospital, differentiated measles/smallpox
o Ibn Sina (Avicenna) – ‘cannon of medicine’, 760 drug properties
o Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) – dissection, detailed illustrations
o Ambroise Paré (1510-90) – gunshot wounds (cream), false limbs, ligatures
o William Harvey (1578-1657) – blood circulation through heart
o Thomas Sydenham – scientific, observational approach
o John Hunter (1728-1793) – surgeon, royal society, specimen collection
o Edward Jenner (1749-1823) – vaccine against smallpox, scientific method
o Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) – germ theory 1861, vaccines (cholera, rabies)
o Robert Koch (1843-1910) – stained bacteria, identified bacteria
o Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) – first magic bullet Salvarsan 606
o James Simpson (1811-1870) – chloroform anaesthetic
o Joseph Lister (1827-1912) – carbolic spray, antiseptic
o Florence Nightingale – cleaned medical environment
o Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) – reported public health problems 1842
o John Snow (1813-1858) – cholera caused by dirty water
o Joseph Bazalgette (1819-1891) – sewage system for London
o Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) – first antibiotic penicillin
o Howard Florey (1898-1968)/Ernst Chain (1906-79) - mass produced penicillin
o Charles Booth & Seebohm Rowntree – social investigators of poverty
o William Beveridge (1879-1963) – Beveridge report 1942, five ‘giant evils’
o Aneurin Bevan (1897-1960) – set up NHS 1948
o Franklin/Watson/Crick – X-rays to take images of DNA structure
o Christiaan Barnard – first heart transplant
o Marie Curie – WW1 mobile X-ray units, paved way for radiology
o Harold Gilles/Archibald McIndoe – plastic surgery, skin grafts, WW2
o Karl Landsteiner – blood groups
Religion and Superstition
o Catholic Church: only source of help for the sick, over 1,000 monasteries
provided free care, monks copied out works Galen/Hippocrates preserving
ancient ideas, allowing ideas to later be developed/challenged, health better
in monasteries as isolated/near rivers/monks had routines of cleanliness
o However, Church supported mistaken ideas of Galen as fitted with Christian
teachings – limited ability to challenge/question these beliefs thereby
hindering progress, dissection illegal: harder to learn about human anatomy,
Complete guide to the 16-marker including
detailed notes on every theme and how to
structure your answer
, Role of the Individual
o Hippocrates (460BC) – four humours theory, clinical observation, oath
o Galen (129AD) – theory of opposites, dissected animals (mistakes), church
o Hugh of Lucca – wine on wounds to reduce infection
o John of Ardene – English surgeon, surgical textbook ‘Practica’
o Al-Razi (Rhazes) – first general hospital, differentiated measles/smallpox
o Ibn Sina (Avicenna) – ‘cannon of medicine’, 760 drug properties
o Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) – dissection, detailed illustrations
o Ambroise Paré (1510-90) – gunshot wounds (cream), false limbs, ligatures
o William Harvey (1578-1657) – blood circulation through heart
o Thomas Sydenham – scientific, observational approach
o John Hunter (1728-1793) – surgeon, royal society, specimen collection
o Edward Jenner (1749-1823) – vaccine against smallpox, scientific method
o Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) – germ theory 1861, vaccines (cholera, rabies)
o Robert Koch (1843-1910) – stained bacteria, identified bacteria
o Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) – first magic bullet Salvarsan 606
o James Simpson (1811-1870) – chloroform anaesthetic
o Joseph Lister (1827-1912) – carbolic spray, antiseptic
o Florence Nightingale – cleaned medical environment
o Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) – reported public health problems 1842
o John Snow (1813-1858) – cholera caused by dirty water
o Joseph Bazalgette (1819-1891) – sewage system for London
o Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) – first antibiotic penicillin
o Howard Florey (1898-1968)/Ernst Chain (1906-79) - mass produced penicillin
o Charles Booth & Seebohm Rowntree – social investigators of poverty
o William Beveridge (1879-1963) – Beveridge report 1942, five ‘giant evils’
o Aneurin Bevan (1897-1960) – set up NHS 1948
o Franklin/Watson/Crick – X-rays to take images of DNA structure
o Christiaan Barnard – first heart transplant
o Marie Curie – WW1 mobile X-ray units, paved way for radiology
o Harold Gilles/Archibald McIndoe – plastic surgery, skin grafts, WW2
o Karl Landsteiner – blood groups
Religion and Superstition
o Catholic Church: only source of help for the sick, over 1,000 monasteries
provided free care, monks copied out works Galen/Hippocrates preserving
ancient ideas, allowing ideas to later be developed/challenged, health better
in monasteries as isolated/near rivers/monks had routines of cleanliness
o However, Church supported mistaken ideas of Galen as fitted with Christian
teachings – limited ability to challenge/question these beliefs thereby
hindering progress, dissection illegal: harder to learn about human anatomy,
