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Cardiff University Psychology Course (Year One Social Psychology) cue cards for exams
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Define social psychology What are the two key What are the key features What are the key featuresfeatures of social of motivation theories? of cognitive theories?
psychology?
What are the key features How can learning by What are the goals of What do we have to
of learning theories? association be used within social psychological remember about sampling
campaigns? research? methods in psychology?
What is the references REMEMBER: REMEMBER: REMEMBER:
effect?
What is conformity? What is compliance? The Sherif (1936) Studies The Sherif (1936) Studies
Informational conformity Informational conformity
- What was the What was the method?
aim?
,Cognitive Theories Motivational Theories Applies prior theories to “social The study of how people think
Focus of Attention Focus on fulfilling needs or domains” about, influence and relate to
Categorization obtaining goals others
Increase in drive with obstacles
Substitutable paths for
Uses empirical methods to test
obtaining goals
the theories in social domains
Interpretation
Description
Obtain a systematic and open
Most samples use psychology Learning through direct Learning Theories
description of the social
students, who are psychological process being reinforcement / Learning Associational Conditioning
predominately wealthy, white, examined. through observation Operant Conditioning
and female e.g. smoking: Observational Conditioning
Theory building idea is that you’re going to see
WEIRD = Western, Educated, Discover the scope and limits of a this day after day if you smoke
Industrialized, Rich, and specific theory and create a sense of anxiety
Democratic associated with smoking. –
Causal analysis hopefully begin to get enough
Determine whether particular of a death anxiety that people
variables cause particular effects. stop smoking.
25% reduction particularly in
Application youth smoking.
Address a social problem
Experimental designs permit Participants should form a Research often uses a mix of Reference effect – happens
causal conclusions, whereas representative sample of the experimental and correlational when our reports are relative to
correlational designs provide population. designs. those around you – e.g. Likert
realistic descriptions. scale ratings – masking actual
variability between groups.
Method: Sherif used a lab experiment to
study conformity. He used the
autokinetic effect – this is where a small Aim: Sherif (1935) conducted Compliance – often an indirect Conformity– often entirely
spot of light (projected onto a screen) in an experiment with the aim of request (often in sales settings) implicit (we watch those
a dark room will appear to move, even demonstrating that people – interpersonal exchanges of around us and figure out norms
though it is still (i.e. it is a visual
illusion).It was discovered that when conform to group norms when any kind. A conversation must in order to perform them – due
participants were individually tested they are put in an ambiguous take place to make someone to the fact we are social
their estimates on how far the light (i.e. unclear) situation. comply – go along with a more animals – there are general
moved varied considerably (e.g. from
20cm to 80cm). The participants were
implicit request. norms in most settings). We the
then tested in groups of three. Sherif end up enforcing norms as we
manipulated the composition of the act them.
group by putting together two people
whose estimate of the light movement
when alone was very similar, and one
person whose estimate was very
different. Each person in the group had
to say aloud how far they thought the
light had moved.
,Asch study – Asch study – Asch study – Asch polarised glasses
What was the method? What were the findings? Why did people conform? study –
Why did they do this
experiment?
Asch polarised glasses What is the informational What is the normative
study – influence over conformity? influence over conformity?
Kids??
Give three examples of Outline Moscovici’s (1985) Why is the minority Outline briefly Milgram’s
minority influence being Studies effective? study
effective
What prods were used in What were the results of Titles (Hofling et al.
Milgram’s study the Milgram experiment? (1966))
- Explain
, Polarised glasses condition – Apparently, people conform for On average, about one third There were 18 trials in total,
they are not confederates they two main reasons: because they (32%) of the participants who and the confederates gave the
are the general public but their want to fit in with the group were placed in this situation wrong answer on 12 trails
vision is being distorted, (normative influence) and went along and conformed with (called the critical trials). Asch
therefore this will eradicate the because they believe the group the clearly incorrect majority was interested to see if the real
effects that the confederates is better informed than they are on the critical trials. participant would conform to
may have over the participants (informational influence). the majority view.
answers. Over the 12 critical trials, about
75% of participants conformed Not ambiguous information –
at least once, and 25% of should be confident about the
participant never conformed. answers.
Deviants in a group expect and Conformity is higher for Also done with kids who are
receive more negative ambiguous task just old enough to understand
evaluations from the others the task – therefore wont now
Conformity is lowered when about he experimental aims –
Conformity is higher when the majority members are not found the same results with the
people depend on the group for seen as independent people same effect size. (even at 6
rewards or will interact with years old we feel a pressure to
them in the future The extent to which you see report perceptions that go
people as individuals rather against what were actually
than a unified other group seeing).
Conformity occurs first for
public behaviour, but this affects the extent to which you
behaviour may cause people to can be influenced by them –
change their private beliefs more influences by individuals.
Teacher and a learner – electric The dual-process hypothesis • Six-person groups - women’s rights movement
shock experiment. suggests that majorities elicit rated the colour of slides, with - abolition of slavery
There were 30 switches on the conformity, whereas minorities a two-person minority of - gay marriage
shock generator marked from 15
elicit conversion/innovation confederates.
volts (slight shock) to 450 (danger
– severe shock). (Moscovici, 1985; Peterson & • The minority
When the teacher refused to Nemeth, 1996) consistently said “green” when
administer a shock, the the answer was blue.
experimenter was to give a series • Almost a third of
of orders/prods to ensure they participants reported seeing at
continued. least one green slide.
There were four prods and if one
was not obeyed, then the
experimenter (Mr. Williams) read
out the next prod, and so on.
The title of doctor caused nurses to - 65% (two-thirds) of Prod 1: Please continue.
follow dangerous orders. participants (i.e., teachers)
- Nurses were called up by
a doctor they knew well, the doctor continued to the highest level Prod 2: The experiment
said they couldn’t make it in today of 450 volts. All the requires you to continue.
but would they please administer a participants continued to 300
dangerous amount of a dangerous volts.
drug to a patient Prod 3: It is absolutely
- 90% of nurses went and essential that you continue.
loaded the syringe and were stopped.
- When the nurses were
asked why they would do this they Prod 4: You have no other
responded that the doctor told them to choice but to continue.
and they were not really thinking.
- Due to the fact that the
nurse has so much stuff going on they
become mindless.
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