Nursing 3100 exam 1 Questions with 100% Correct Solutions Graded A+

What are RDA? and how are they should they be used? - -Recommended Daily Allowance for specific nutrient for 98% of population What are the limitations for RDAs? - - Limitation - set by committee and knowledge is limited for some populations. Safety margins vary (disease, drug/alcohol use), vary by country What are the dietary reference value (DRV)? How is it used? - - Recommendation for optimal nutrient intake levels outlined by age and gender - Used o all food labels to help consumer be aware of nutrients in it - EAR: estimated average requirement -AI- adequate intake - RDA: recommended dietary allowance - UL: tolerable upper intake Fraternal twins ( a boy and a girl age 17) are enrolled in a metabolic study. Which twin do you expect to burn more Calories/minute on the elliptical machine? why? - - Boy: men have more muscle mass/ females have more body fat. more muscle --> the more calories you burn What are the EAR, AL, and UTL? - - EAR: estimated average requirements ( average daily nutrient intake estimated to meet requirements of 50% or more of the health individuals in a group) - AI: adequate intakes (recommended nutrient intake by a group of people when RDA isn't determined) - UTL: tolerable upper intake level (highest average intake of nutrient that presents little/no risk to most individuals) What do the new USDA "My Plate" guidelines suggest? How many minutes recommend by the guidelines ? - - at least 30mins of moderate exercise o most days to reduce risk of disease - to help manage body weight/ prevent unhealthy weight gain, engage in about 50 mins of moderate --> vigorous activity on most days of the week - to sustain weight loss in adulthood, participate in 60-90 minutes of daily physical activity Define nutrient density. - significant amount of nutrients for the least amount of calories List 3 characteristics shared by all essential nutrients. - 1. specific biological function 2. cannot be synthesized in the body 3. removal from diet has a health impact Which foods MUST provide nutrition labels? - - all packaged foods except those without significant nutritional value (coffee, spices) How many Calories (kcal) per gram are provided by carbohydrate, fat, protein, and alcohol? - - Carb = 4 kcal/ gram - fat = 9 - protein = 4 - alcohol= 7 A granola bar has 210 calories, 10 grams of fat, 4 grams of protein, and 26 grams of carbohydrate. What is the percentage of Calories from fat ? Carbohydrate? - - fat: 10 grams x 9 kcal/gram = 90 cals fat (43%) - carb: 4 x 26 = 104 cals carb (50%) - protein: 4x 4 = 16 cals protein (7%) What is an "enriched" food? - - foods that have nutrients replaced that were lost in processing - ex: enriched flour What are "fortified" foods? - - foods with nutrients added that aren't usually in food - EX: milk, butter and cereal Define negative nutrient balance. - - the amount of nutrients lost in body is greater in than the nutrients taken Explain to someone how to evaluate a food label for sodium content. - compare percent daily values amount of sodium in the product Compare and contrast retinol, beta- carotene, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid with respect to dietary sources, functions and toxicities. - - retinol: preformed Vitamin A, stored in live, sources are animal (yolk, liver, fat), fortified in margarine , milk, used for spermatogenesis - Beta- carotene: precursor to Vitamin A (provitamin), sources are dark green/ orange/ red fruits, acts are antioxidants (decreases risk of cancer, heart disease, cataract, muscular degeneration) - retinaldehyde: active form made from retinol, used for dark adaption - retinoic acid: active form made from retinol, used for embryogenesis , epithelial cell function, no dietary sources Why is the bioavailability of beta-carotene from supplements about six times that from food? - - supplements contain retinol, the active form of vitamin A made from beta- carotene, so bioavailability is higher. - beta- carotene from food must be converted into active form of the vitamin How can the bioavailability of beta-carotene from food be increased? - - cook and absorbing fat What physiological problems, drug, or food additives can reduce the absorption of fat soluble vitamins ? - - hepatitis, bile duct obstruction, cirrhosis, cystic fibrosis, mineral oil as laxative, olestra as a fat replacer Xerophthalmia is major cause of blindness in lesser developed countries. Why? How is this problem being addressed? - - Vitamin A is needed for eyes- deficiency is more common in developing countries - this is being addressed by world deliveries in these countries by different organizations like UNICEf Prescription 13-cis-retinoic acid for cystic acne has what 2 potential fatal side effects? - - increased risk for suicide, teratogenic (birth defect) Your patient consumes adequate amounts of dietary retinol and beta-carotene. why might he still have signs of vitamin A deficiency such as difficulty adapting to dark rooms? - - chronic diarrhea from fat malabsorption, like pancreatic disease or cystic fibrosis - excess alcohol intake compromises vitamin A status (depletes stores) Compare and contrast lycopene and lutein with respect to possible health benefits, food sources, and bioavailability from various foods. - - Lycopene: - health benefits: reduces risk of prostate and cervical cancer - sources: watermelon, tomatoes - bioavailability: greater in cooked vs raw tomatoes